Urban city case study in the UK: Liverpool

• When were the first docks in Liverpool built?

  About 1750
• Why did the dock system in Liverpool develop quickly?

  Due to expanded trade with colonies and North America
• What was the Port of Liverpool used for?

  Departure point for migrants to the USA
• What factors contributed to the decline of the docks by the 20th Century?

  Reduced trade and competition from east coast ports
• What development made the old docks too small?

  Containerisation
• What happened to the old docks by the late 1970s?

  They closed and fell into decline
• What was the condition of Liverpool's old docks?

  Derelict and unused wasteland
• What were the reasons for the regeneration of Liverpool's docks?

  • Huge job losses from dock closures
  • Population decline as people sought work
  • Attracting investment for redevelopment
  • Improvements in transport accessibility
• What was the focus of the waterfront regeneration program?

  • Repairing old buildings
  • Dredging docks to remove silt
  • Finding new uses for warehouses
  • Ongoing redevelopment of docks north of Pier Head
• What is a challenge faced by Liverpool's urban areas?

  Derelict buildings in inner city areas
• What is the purpose of the new waste and recycling center in Old Swan?

  To relieve pressure on landfill sites
• What types of sites are being built on in Liverpool?

  Brownfield and greenfield sites
• What is urban sprawl in Liverpool?

  Growth merging with surrounding settlements
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of urban sprawl in Liverpool?

  Advantages:

  • Companies benefit from edge-of-town locations
  • Pleasant semi-rural living areas
  • Cheaper land access
  • Better access to transport

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Loss of agricultural land
  • Decline in traditional city trade
  • Increased air pollution
  • Traffic congestion in rural-urban fringe
• What is Liverpool's geographical location?

  Port city in North West England
• What industries developed in Liverpool?

  Manufacturing industries like car making
• What types of products did Liverpool trade historically?

  Cotton, sugar, tobacco, and slaves
• How has migration influenced Liverpool's character?

  It has influenced fashion, culture, and food
• What opportunities has urban change created in Liverpool?

  • Cultural mix with diverse foods and festivals
  • Recreation with museums and theatres
  • Employment in tourism and service sectors
  • Integrated transport systems
  • Environmental improvements with city bikes and parks
• What areas in Liverpool are very deprived due to industrial decline?

  Anfield and Toxteth
• What does the 2011 census data reveal about Calderstones and Toxteth?

  • In work %: Calderstones 68.8, Toxteth 55.6
  • 5+ GCSEs at C+: Calderstones 78.3, Toxteth 36.4
  • Use of a car %: Calderstones 75.8, Toxteth 32.8
  • Bad health %: Calderstones 4.6, Toxteth 10.3
  • Life expectancy: Calderstones 83.3, Toxteth 76.3
  • Average household income: Calderstones £41,300, Toxteth £24,000
  • Average house price: Calderstones £337,000, Toxteth £107,000
  • Crimes per 1000: Calderstones 43.1, Toxteth 98.9
  • Child poverty %: Calderstones 7.6, Toxteth 55.1
  • Obesity levels (10-11 yrs) %: Calderstones 15, Toxteth 24
• What is the average household income in Toxteth?

  £24,000
• What is the life expectancy in Calderstones?

  83.3 years
• What percentage of children are in poverty in Toxteth?

  55.1%
• What is the crime rate per 1000 in Toxteth?

  98.9
• What percentage of people in Calderstones have 5+ GCSEs at grade C or above?

  78.3%
• What is the obesity level percentage for 10-11 year olds in Toxteth?

  24%
• What is the percentage of people in work in Toxteth?

  55.6%
• What is the percentage of bad health in Toxteth?

  10.3%
• What is the average house price in Toxteth?

  £107,000
• What is the percentage of car usage in Toxteth?

  32.8%