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• India is the largest country in South Asia where music is as vast as its geographic location. The music of India reflects different aspects of South Asian culture exhibited through musical performances utilizing distinctive musical elements.
• Traditional Music of India


  • Carnatic Music
  • Hindustani Music
• Carnatic Music


  • Music of Southern India
  • It is directed to a Hindu god, which is why it is called "temple music"
  • In contrast to northern styles, Carnatic music is more thoroughly oriented to the voice
• Hindustani Music


  • Music of Northern India
  • It goes back to Vedic period around 1000 BC
  • Rigveda is considered to be the oldest known Vedic Sanskrit text that exhibits the ancient Indian collection of hymns
• Terms used in Indian music

  • Raga
  • Shruti
  • Tala
  • Laya
  • Melismatic
• Raga


  Combination of musical notes
• Shruti


  Smallest interval of sound
• Tala


  A metric cycle with a specific number of beats that recur in the same pattern
• Laya

  Tempo
• Melismatic


  A group of notes sung to one syllable of text
• Pakistan is known for its unique vocals. The distinctive Pakistani sound was formed with multiple influences not only from various parts of South Asia but also from diverse elements of other countries in Central Asia and the Middle East.
• Traditional Music of Pakistan

  • Ghazal
  • Qawwali
• Ghazal


  • It is an essential ingredient of worship as practiced by Sufis
  • It is used for the design, creation, and cultivation of techniques that provoke emotion
• Qawwali


  • It refers to a way of rendering or Singing Sufi verses
  • It is a vibrant musical tradition that stretches back more than 700 years
• In general, the music of the Middle East is modal. Harmony is not emphasized but rather includes salient features such as melodic complexity and ornamentation, and rigorous rhythmic development.
• Contexts where Middle East music is commonly used

  • Communal worship in mosques, synagogues and churches
  • Mystic rituals like Sufi
  • Life passage events
  • Entertainment like belly dancing, folk dancing
• Vocal Music of Israel

  • Devotional
  • Secular
• Devotional

  • Featured during Sabbath and other holy days
  • Hazzan is a musician who helps lead the congregation in a songful prayer
  • "Yom Kippur" is a special call to prayer and repentance sounded on the High Holidays (Jewish New Year and Day of Atonement)
• Secular


  • Context lies outside the religious domain
  • Played during life passage events
  • Very rhythmic and have popular and romantic texts
• The Dancing Girl od Mohenjo Daro is described as "the most captivating piece of art from an Indus site" by Gregory Possehl. It was discovered by Ernest MacKay.
• The Hindu God Shiva is depicted as the lord of dance/ "the destroyer".
• Diya


  An oil lamp made of clay with a cotton wick dipped in vegetable oils or in ghee. It is often used in the Indian subcontinent during religious festivals especially on Diwali celebrations. On Diwali festivals, diyas represents enlightenment, knowledge or wisdom. Indians use clay lamps to light their homes because these symbolize the inner light that protects them from spiritual darkness. Lighting the wick symbolizes the end of darkness and ignorance, a fresh way forward.
• Rangoli


  An art form using materials such as colored rice, dry flour, colored sand, or flower petals to create unique patterns on the floor or ground. The purpose of these designs is to make people who see it feel strength, generosity and luck. The name Rangoli for Indians symbolizes beauty, hope and tradition. It is meant to ward off evil and is revered as a divine art.
• Truck arts, also known as 'Jingle Trucks', decorated the streets with its colorful and lavish exteriors. Pakistani drivers would spend more than a year of salary's worth just to modify their trucks because a better truck would mean better business. It has become a competition for truck drivers to make their trucks look better among others. Truck owners want their trucks to look better than others since people who hire trucks choose the best-looking or the fanciest one because they trust that it is in a better condition and worth the fortune they pay.
• Yurt


  A unique settlement for the nomads of the Kazakh and Kyrgyz people but today, it no longer served its initial purpose. Yurts have become a form of ornamentation in public buildings. It is decorated with unique wall hangings made by Kazakh women with a talent in embroidery. The patterns decorating the yurt contain symbols that represent strength and protection. The most common ones include the four powerful beasts (lion, tiger, garuda and dragon) and the five elements (fire, water, earth, metal and wood). It also uses repeating geometric patterns, with the continuous hammer or walking pattern as the most famed. This type of border decoration is constantly applied because it represents unending strength and continuous movement. For the Kazakhs, yurt is invariably a symbol of family and traditional hospitality.
• Agility


  The ability to move in different directions quickly using a combination of balance, coordination, speed, strength, and endurance. The Hexagon Agility Test is a simple test of agility. The test involves quickly jumping in and out of a hexagon shape. Purpose — to measure the ability of the body to move in different directions quickly.
• Balance


  The ability of the body to maintain stability in static or when moving while resisting the force of gravity. The Stork Balance Stand Test requires the person to stand on one leg for as long as possible to assess whole body balance ability. Purpose — to assess one's ability to maintain equilibrium/balance.
• Coordination


  A skill-related component of physical fitness that relates to one's ability to use the senses, such as sight or hearing, together with other body parts in performing motor tasks smoothly and accurately. Juggling is a physical skill, performed by a juggler, involving the manipulation of objects for recreation, entertainment, art or sport. Purpose — to measure the coordination of the eye and hands.
• Power


  The ability of the muscle to transfer energy and release maximum force at a fast rate. The Standing Long Jump is widely applied to assess lower body strength. Purpose — to measure the explosive strength and power of the leg muscles.
• Reaction time


  The ability to react and make decisions quickly. The Stick Drop Test uses the known properties of gravity to determine how long it takes a person to respond to the dropping of an object by measuring how far the object can falls before being caught. Purpose — to measure the time to respond to a stimulus.
• Speed


  The ability to perform successive movements of the same pattern in the shortest period of time. The 40-meter Sprint involves running a single maximum sprint over a set distance, with time recorded. Purpose — to measure running speed.
• SMART Goals

  • Specific
  • Measurable
  • Attainable
  • Relevant
  • Time-bounded
• Baseball/softball is a team sport being played by two opposing teams who take turns in batting and fielding.
• Skills to be Developed in Baseball/Softball

  • Pitching
  • Batting
  • Catching
  • Throwing
  • Base running
• If the catcher of the defensive team caught the batted ball before the batter reached the 1st base, the batter/runner will be out from the game.
• During the game, the batter already committed 2 strikes. When the third batted ball went outside the foul line, the batter shall be given another chance to bat.
• If the pitcher intentionally hit the batter, a free walk/run shall be given.
• Stages of Infection

  • Incubation
  • Prodromal stage
  • Illness stage
  • Convalescence stage
• Incubation


  The period starting from the entry of the pathogen until the appearance of the first sign.
• Prodromal stage


  It starts from the onset of non-specific signs and symptoms such as fever, headache, and fatigue.