development

• Dweck's learning theory

  Intelligence can be fixed or developed over time; effort should be praised
• Fixed mindset

  Belief that intelligence is innate and unchangeable
• Growth mindset


  Belief that intelligence can be developed and improved
• Blackwell & Dweck study

  Investigated the correlation between theories of intelligence and academic performance in Maths
• Motivational questionnaire

  Likert scale survey measuring theory of intelligence, learning goals, effort beliefs, and helpless response to failure
• Maths test score

  Score achieved on a Maths test
• Teaching students that intelligence is flexible

  Has a positive effect on motivation and achievement
• Cultural bias

  Study may not apply to all cultures or ethnicities
• Reductionist

  Study focused only on student mindset, not considering other factors
• Blackwell & Dweck Study 2

  Investigated the effect of teaching students that intelligence is flexible on motivation and achievement
• Correlational field study

  Study conducted in a real-world setting, observing existing relationships
• Intervention group


  Group of participants taught that intelligence is flexible
• Control group


  Group of participants not taught that intelligence is flexible
• Baseline Maths test

  Initial test taken before the intervention
• Positive growth mindsets


  Beliefs that intelligence can be developed and improved
• Willingham's learning theory


  Learning styles have no impact on learning
• Nature

  Inherent characteristics or traits
• Conditioning


  Process of training or influencing behavior through repeated experiences
• Piaget's theory

  Four stages of cognitive development: sensori-motor, pre-operational, concrete operational, formal operational
• Sensori-motor stage

  0-2 years; understanding the world through senses and motor actions
• Object permanence

  Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible
• Pre-operational stage

  2-7 years; symbolic thinking, egocentrism, animism
• Animism

  Belief that inanimate objects have thoughts and feelings
• Egocentrism


  Inability to see things from another person's perspective
• Reversibility

  Understanding that actions can be reversed or undone
• Concrete operational stage

  7-11 years; logical thinking, conservation, decentration, seriation
• Conservation

  Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance
• Decentration

  Ability to focus on multiple aspects of a problem
• Seriation

  Ability to arrange objects in a series or sequence
• Linguistic behaviour

  Language-related skills and abilities
• Formal operational stage

  11+ years; abstract thinking, hypothetical reasoning
• Piaget's study

  Demonstrated that children in the concrete operational stage are more likely to conserve than those in the pre-operational stage
• Natural experiment

  Study where the researcher observes naturally occurring differences in groups
• Cross-sectional study

  Study comparing different groups at the same point in time
• Demand characteristics

  Cues in a study that may lead participants to guess the researcher's hypothesis
• Too artificial

  Study conditions may not reflect real-world situations
• What are the stages of development?

  - Pre natal, period of time spent in the womb before birth

  - Childhood, Period in between birth and start of puberty

  - Adolescence, transitional period between puberty and adulthood

  - Adulthood, the final stage of development when the individual has reached full maturity.
• What happens to neurones and synapses over a lifetime?

  They begin to die immediately. Over time each neuron can form thousands of links.
• How can we measure intelligence?

  IQ tests
• What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development?


  Sensori motor- 0-2

  Pre operational- 2-7

  Concrete operational- 7-11

  Formal Operational- 11+