History

• Historical Source Analysis-method of examination of evidence to understand the past
• Two types of Historical Source Analysis- Context Analysis and Content Analysis
• Context Analysis

  1. Historical Context of the Source
  2. Author's Background, Intent, and Authority
  3. Source's Relevance & Meaning Today
• Content Analysis- applies appropriate techniques depending on the type of the source (written, oral, or visual)

  *Identify the author's main argument or thesis

  *Compare points of view

  *Identify bases

  *Evaluate the author's claim
• Why Historical Analysis?

  1. It goes beyond facts
  2. Origin of a source
  3. Basis for Research
• IOP-CAM Approach

  • Information-what info is stated
  • Origin-name
  • Perspective-from what
  • Context-when
  • Audience-who
  • Motive-purpose
• Antonio Pigafetta Voyage Around the World
• Motive of Spaniards

  • economic
  • political
  • spiritual
• Maluku Island (Spice Island)-Indonesia
• April 27, 1521-August 27, 1521- Battle of Mactan

  March 21, 1521- Mazawa Island(Eastern Samar)

  September 20, 1519-Started of Magellan Exploration

  March 18, 1521- Marlanas Island(Ladones Islands)
• Christopher Columbus discover America
• 5 ships

  1. Trinidad
  2. Santiago
  3. Victoria
  4. Concepcion
  5. San Antonio
• Mar Pacifico (very calm sea)
• History

  "Historia"-(Greek)

  "Historie"-(French)

  -knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation(Gottschalk, 1969)
• Etymology: History is Science
• Herodotus "The Father of History"

  "History is not only about retelling the past but also finding out and explaining the reason behind such deeds".
• History is the account of the past of a person or a group of people through written documents and historical evidences
• History is concerned with the study of human past(Barnes, 1963).
• Dr. Zeus Salazar-"mga pangyayari na may saysay para sa grupo ng taong sinasaysayan nito".
• History is the record of what one age finds worthy of note in another-Carr
• History is not just the past but also and principally the present and the future.-Isagani Medina
• History is the achievement of man not the individual but the collective efforts of all.- Renato Constantino
• Maria Ressa- "without facts you can't have truth".

  "History is a relentless search for this truth".
• The 20th century saw profound change in many aspects of life, but not much change in its forms of government
• If students say, "nothing happened in 1911" they are thinking of the past as a list of events
• Continuity and change


  Looking for change where common sense suggests that there has been none and looking for continuities where we assumed that there was change
• Judgments of continuity and change can be made on the basis of comparisons between some point in the past and the present, or between two points in the past, such as before and after Confederation in Canada
• Progress and decline

  Ideas used to evaluate change over time
• The historian, like the insurance investigator, sifts through evidence to determine the causes of events — often from a multitude of possibilities
• Unlike the investigator, though, the historian is also interested in the event's consequences
• Cause and consequence


  Examining both tragedies and accomplishments in the past, we are usually interested in the questions of how and why
• In history, as opposed to geology or astronomy, we need to consider human agency. People, as individuals and as groups, play a part in promoting, shaping, and resisting change
• Causes are multiple and layered, involving both long-term ideologies, institutions, and conditions, and short-term motivations, actions and events
• Causes that are offered for any particular event (and the priority of various causes) may differ, based on the scale of the history and the approaches of the historian
• Historical perspective

  Understanding the social, cultural, intellectual, and emotional settings that shaped people's lives and actions in the past
• Taking historical perspective demands comprehension of the vast differences between us in the present and those in the past
• Ethical dimensions of history

  Obligations to remember historical crimes and sacrifices, and making ethical judgments about historical actions
• Historians attempt to hold back on explicit ethical judgments about actors in the midst of their accounts, but, when all is said and done, if the story is meaningful, then there is an ethical judgment involved
• Andres Bonifacio established the Katipunan


  July 7, 1892
• Reasons for establishing the Katipunan

  • Failure of the Reform Movement in Spain
  • Armed revolts had already occurred before the foundation of the Katipunan
  • Propaganda Movement by the ilustrados did not envision a total separation of the Philippines