Genetic Diversity and Classification

• Describe how to make a 1 in 10 dilution and then use this to make a 1 in 1000 dilution of the original culture?

  1. Add 1 part culture to 9 parts liquid
  2. Mix well
  3. Repeat using 9 parts fresh liquid and 1 part of 10-1 and 10-2 dilutions to make 10-3 liquid dilution
• What term is used to describe the method of naming organisms by referring to the species and genus name?

  1. Binomial naming system
• How can you identify a hierarchy?

  1. Smaller groups within larger groups
  2. With no overlap
• State 3 comparisons of genetic diversity scientists use?

  1. DNA base sequence
  2. mRNA base sequence
  3. Amino acid sequence of proteins
• Different species of field mice all have names starting with 'apodemus'. What information does this give about field mice?

  1. Same genus
  2. Same common ancestor
• Describe how breeding experiments could be used to determine whether 2 populations of mice are from the same species?

  1. Breed 2 mice together
  2. Same species produce fertile offspring
• Other than hunting, suggest 2 reasons why populations might show very low levels of genetic diversity?

  1. Population might have been very small/genetic bottleneck
  2. Population might have started with small number of individuals/founder effect
• 8 different taxons?

  1. Domain
  2. Kingdom
  3. Phylum
  4. Class
  5. Order
  6. Family
  7. Genus
  8. Species
• Explain why it is more useful to calculate an index of diversity than to record species richness?

  1. Index of diversity also measures abundance of each species
  2. Useful because there may be many/few of some species
• Give 3 ways in which a sampling procedure can be standardised?

  1. Same sampling time
  2. Same size of area sampled
  3. Samples taken at same time of day
• What data do you need to calculate the index of diversity in each habitat?

  1. Number if individuals in each species in each habitat
• Give 2 ways to ensure the index of diversity is representative of each habitat?

  1. Random sample
  2. Large number of sample
• Suggest and explain 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of a farmer replanting hedges on her farmland?

  1. Greater biodiversity, so increase of predators for pests
  2. Reduced land area for crop growth
• What is meant by 'species richness'?

  1. The number of different species in a community
• Outline a method that can be used to determine the plant species richness at 1 site?

  1. Randomly generate co-ordinates on the sampling site
  2. Place quadrats at each co-ordinate
  3. Count number of different plant species in each quadrat
• The index of diversity was higher in a hedge than a barley field. Suggest why?

  1. More plant species
  2. More food sources
  3. More habitats/niches
• Give 2 reasons why grassy strips increase the biodiversity of animals?

  1. Increase in plant diversity leads to more types of food for animals
  2. Increase in niche/habitat
• Give 4 ways in which genetic diversity between species is measured?

  1. Comparing differences in base sequence of DNA
  2. Comparing differences in base sequence of mRNA
  3. Comparing observable characteristics
  4. Comparing amino acid sequences
• When would you use a t-test?

  1. When comparing 2 means
• What is meant by genetic diversity?

  1. Number of different alleles of each gene