carbonyl chemistry

• What are esters made from?

  carboxylic acids
• What is the general formula of esters?

  RCOOR
• How do you name an ester?

  First part is the alcohol(longest c chain) and it becomes ly e.g. methyl and second part is acid which becomes oate e.g ethanoate.
• What is the equation to form an ester?

  carboxylic acid+alcohol→ester+water
• What conditions is needed to form an ester?

  A strong acid e.g. H2SO4 (as a catalyst) and heat to be applied
• Draw propylpropanoate


  CH3CH2COOCH2CH2CH3

  
• What is hydrolysis in acidic conditions?

  It's a reversible reaction where carboxylic acid and alcohol is produced but is very slow so never used.
• What is the general equation for acid hydrolysis?

  ester+water→carboxylic acid+alcohol
• What is the general equation for hydrolysis in alkaline conditions?

  ester+alkali(usually NaOH)→salt(sodium + oate)+ alcohol
• What is the IUPAC name of glycerol?

  propane-1,2,3-triol

  
• what is esterification?


  when carboxylic acids react with alcohol to form esters.
• What is hydrolysis?


  reverse reaction which converts esters and water back into carboxylic acids and alcohol-can be done in acidic or alkaline conditions.
• carboxylic acids react with metal to form...


  metal salts and hydrogen
• carboxylic acid reacts with metal oxides to form...


  metal salts and water
• carboxylic acid reacts with hydroxides to form...


  metal salts and water
• carboxylic acid reacts with metal carbonates to form..


  metal salts,water and carbon dioxide
• what happens when cooh act as an acid

  hydrogen removed and ion formed-coo , o- and a H+ ion
• naming for carboxylate ions


  long chain with 'oate' ending.
• drawing carboylate ions

  skeletal-branches with double bond and o- .at the end there the rest of the chain in strcutural e.g. butanoate -c3h7 then rest of skeletal.
• carboxylates are formed when


  COOH reacts with metal oxides,hydroxides,metals and metal carbonates.
• formula of magnesium ethanoate


  (CH3COO)2 Mg
• carboxylic acids are only weak acids in water and slightly dissociate
• oxidation of methanoic acid formation and what it composes to

  cooh can't be oxidised but methanoic acid is the exception as it's structure is effectively an aldehyde group.It forms carbonic acid (H2 CO3 ) which can decompose to give CO2
• uses of esters

  sweet smelling compounds that can be used in perfumes and flavourings,as solvents for polar organic substances,plasticisers for polymers.
• why are plasticisers used in polymers?

  Pure polymers have limited flexibility as chains can't move each other.Incorporating some plasticiser into the polymer allows the chains to move more easily and the polymer can become more flexible.
• conditions of acidic hydroylsis of esters and reagents

  with acid reagents: dilute acid (HCl) conditions: heat under reflux
• acidic hydrolysis reaction is reversible and does not give a good yield of the products.
• alkaline hydrolysis reagents and conditions

  with sodium hydroxide reagents: dilute sodium hydroxide conditions: heat under reflux
• alkaline hydrolysis of esters reaction goes to completion. Using excess sodium hydroxide will ensure the ester is completely hydrolysed.
• what are lipids (fats and oils) and what can they be hydrolysed to give?

  naturally occuring esters.They consist of three long COOH (fatty acids) joined through propane-1,2,3-triol
• glycerol iupac name and structure

  propane-1,2,3-triol

  
• structure of lipids,fatty acids and glycerol


  structure:

  
• How to make soap(salts of long-chain carboxylic acid and glycerol)

  boil lipids with KOH

  
• what is biodiesel?

  a mixture of methyl esters of long-chain carboxylic acids.
• How is biodiesel made from lipids?Draw reaction

  Lipid is broken down into three fatty acids and glycerol by reaction with KOH but then these fatty acids are converted into three new esters using methanol.KOH isn't used up so its a catalyst.