Toxi lec m1

• Toxicology

  • Science of poison
• Toxicology 


  The study of the adverse effects of chemicals and physical agents on living organisms
• Toxicology 


  The study of the adverse effects of “xenobiotics” on living systems, and interaction of exogenous agents with mammalian physiologic compartments
• EXOGENOUS AGENTS

  • Tabaco smoke and combustion of Fossil fuel/ Petrochemicals fuels
  • Drugs
  • Metals
  • Gas, Hydrocarbon, Radiation
  • Pesticides, Insecticides, Germicides
• Clinical Toxicology 


  -Also known as “medical toxicology”
• Clinical Toxicology


  -an area of professional emphasis in the realm of medical science that is concerned with the disease caused by or uniquely associated with toxic substances
• Clinical Toxicology


  Concerned with topic effects whose intent is to treat ameliorate disease
• corpus delecti


  body of evidence
• POISON


  any agent which may cause serious body injury, disease or death when applied, introduced into, or developed within the body
• TOXICITY


  Intrinsic ability of an agent to harm living organism
• TOXICITY


  -Adverse health effect associated with a change, reduction or loss of a vital function.
• TOXICITY


  Ex: Hangover, Overdose
• FACTORS OF TOXICITY:

  -Dose or amount

  -Individual human factor

  -Duration

  -Genetic factor

  -Route of Exposure

  -Shape and Structure of Chemical
• Intoxication - Toxicity associated with any substance
• POISONING -a clinical toxicity secondary to accidental exposure
• OVERDOSE -an intentional exposure with the intent of causing self-injury or death
• HAZARD - likelihood that injury will occur in given situation or setting , something that can potentially cause harm
• RISK

  -expected frequency of the occurrence of an undesirable effect arising from exposure to a chemical or physical agent

  -risk = hazard + exposure
• TOXINS - poisons that are naturally produced.
• TOXICANTS - poisons that are produced artificially, they are by-products of anthropogenic activities.
• Toxins

  Ex. Zootoxins, Phytotoxins and Microbial Toxins
• Toxicants

  Ex. Aerosol, Muriatic acid, Oil spills, Nerve gases, Methyl Carbamate, Acetone, Rugby, Arsenic, Polonium
• STRYCHNINE – Quinine came from Nux Vomica
• PICROTOXIN - seen in fish berries
• MYRISTICIN- common in nutmeg
• COLCHICINE- came from sutumn crocus
• CONVALLARIN - Lily of the Valley CONVALLARIA MAJALIS
• CONIINE - poison Hemlock Conium Maculatum (caused death to Socrates)
• PODOPHYLLOTOXIN - American Mandrake
• TOXIDRONES -Signs and Symptoms associated with any substance
• HARMFUL/ADVERSE EFFECTS - are those that are damaging to either the survival/normal function of the individual
• EXPOSURE - is the amount of chemical that is available for absorption.

  SOURCES:

  -Environmental

  -Occupational

  -Therapeutic

  -Dietary
• SAFETY - is the probability that harm will not occur under specified conditions (the inverse of risk).
• SELECTIVE TOXICITY - means that a chemical will produce injury to one kind of living matter without harming another form of life, even though the two may exist close together
• Toxicology, like medicine, is both a science and an art.
• The science of toxicology is defined as the observational and data-gathering phase,
• whereas the art of toxicology consists of the utilization of the data to predict outcomes of exposure in human and animal populations. In most cases, these phases are linked because the facts generated by the science of toxicology are used to develop extrapolations and hypotheses to explain the adverse effects of chemical agents in situations where there is little or no information
• CLEOPATRA -Suspected cause of death bitten by an asp (Egyptian cobra) causing respiratory failure
• EBERS PAPYRUS a scroll containing information pertaining to many recognized poisons such as hemlock, Aconite, opium and metals like Pb (plumbism), Cu (Wilson’s disease), Sb
• HIPPOCRATES: -added a number of poisons and clinical toxicology principles pertaining to bioavailability in therapy and overdosage -Father of Medicine