gene mutation

• Genetic mutation refers to an alteration in the genetic sequence of an organism, usually occurring during cell division and protein synthesis.
• The main causes of mutation fall under two categories: errors during cell division and environmental factors.
• Errors during cell division are when one section of the gene has been deleted, substituted, translocated, or duplicated abnormally.
• Environmental Factors are prolonged exposure to harmful chemicals and radiation may trigger mutations.
• Mutagens - can break the bonds between base pairs or disconnect the sugar-phosphate backbone from the rest of the DNA structure.
• Gene mutation is an umbrella term for the changes in a particular gene during DNA replication
• Chromosomal mutation refers to alterations in the chromosome during cell division. 
• The two classifications of gene mutation are point mutation and frameshift mutation.
• Sickle cell anemia - a genetic disorder in which sickle-shaped red blood cells infiltrate the bloodstream.
• The three types of point mutation are silent mutation, missense mutation, and the nonsense mutation.
• The silent mutation when the result is in the same necessary amino acid and has no adverse effect during the substitution of a nucleotide base.
• The missense mutation occurs when a codon has been changed due of a substituted base.
• The nonsense mutation occurs when a substituted base result in a stop codon and fails to produce the amino acid.
• The frameshift mutation happens when on or more nucleotide base may have been deleted or inserted in a single codon.
• Insertion occurs when an additional nucleotide base has been inserted in a sequence of codons.
• Deletion occurs when one nucleotide has been removed from the sequence.