early modern (1485-1800)

• How did Henry VIII rule?

  With close assistance from key nobles, but he always made sure his power was kept in check
• What did Henry VIII restrict during 1487 and 1504?

  The number of retainers a nobleman could have
• What did Henry use the nobles he was close to for?

  To force decision in Parliament to go the way he wanted
• How did Henry VIII work with Parliament?


  Closely and made sure that he sanctioned his actions by making them law
• What did Parliament approve for Henry VIII?

  Wars with France and Scotland, and used heavy taxation to finance them
• What did Henry VIII pass in 1534?

  The Act of Supremacy - Removed England form the Catholic Church
• What was the result of the Act of Supremacy?

  The Church of England was created, and Henry was recognised as the head
• What did Henry VIII make Thomas Wolsey?

  Archbishop of York and later Chancellor
• What did Wolsey do?

  Used his position to gain wealth

  - Could not convince the Pope to annul Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon
• What was Wolsey arrested in 1529?


  Treason - he died before facing trial
• What did Henry appoint Thomas Cromwell in 1534?

  His chief minister - he had a lot of power over other nobles
• When Henry VIII make Cromwell Earl of Essex?


  After Cromwell's leadership of the break with Rome and dissolution of the Monasteries
• Why was Cromwell executed in 1540?

  The marriage he arranged between Henry and Anne of Cleves failed to bring political union with France
• Who did Elizabeth listen to?

  The advice of nobles to ensure that people felt they were being listened to
• What did Elizabeths Religious Settlement help?

  To repair many religious divisions during her reign
• Who did Elizabeth defeat in 1569?

  Many rebels who wanted to see Mary queen of Scots on the throne
• What did Elizabeth spread to deal with the threat of Catholics?

  Anti-Catholic propaganda
• How did Elizabeth being the Virgin Queen help her?


  Her subjects knew she had dedicated her life to her country
• Who did Elizabeth work closely with?

  Her privy council to pass laws and agree taxes
• What did Charles I and his father believe the were appointed by?

  The divine right
• What did Charles I believe in?

  Absolutism - he should have total control

  - this led him to introduce censorship to stop criticism
• What did Charles I subjects think of him?


  Arrogant because he could not tolerate any challenges
• Why was Charles I relationship with parliament difficult?

  - Scottish nobles were angry that Charles tried to take back the Church land that had been given to them

  - Many people were concerned about his pro-catholic views

  - Charles waged wars
• What did Charles I of in 1626?

  Dissolved parliament - it was reconvened in 1629 but then dissolved until 1640
• What did Charles I make people pay in 1635?

  Ship money
• What did Scottish leaders refuse to accept in 1638?

  The religious changed Charles was trying to impose in Scotland, as a result Charles marched an army up north
• What did Charles I refuse to accept?

  The proposals in the Grand Remonstrance
• What did Charles I do in January 1642?

  He arrested 5 MP's after accusing them of treason
• What did Charles I do in August 1642?


  Declared war on parliament
• When was Charles I imprisoned?

  1646 - captured by Scots & handed to Parliament
• What happened after the first Civil War?

  People didn’t want to get rid of the King, others did.

  
  

  People disagreed about what to do moving forward.
• What happened after the 2nd Civil war?

  Majority wanted King restored, Cromwell pushed for trial
• What was the Rump Parliament?

  A parliament made up of around 200-300 MPs who disagreed with Charles being tried
• When was Charles I executed?

  January 1649
• Who ruled England from 1649-1653?

  Rump parliament - monarchy and House of Lords abolished
• Why did Cromwell dismiss the Rump Parliament in 1653?


  • disagreed with their tolerance of religion
  • their actions were cautious
• Why did Cromwell dismiss the Barebones Parliament?

  He thought they were too radical
• Who ruled during 1653-1659?

  Oliver Cromwell - Lord Protector
• What did Cromwell do to England?

  • tried to make it more puritan
  • ruled the country as a military dictatorship
• What did Cromwell accept in 1657?

  The Humble Petition

  • Abolished major generals
  • Reduced the army
  • More government control over taxes
  • Cromwell become King (refused)