global shift = outsourcing and offshoring of industry thro FDI to asia since 1980
economists think 21st century = asias century
the global economic centre of gravity has shifted towards asia in last 30 years bc of global shift
shift of manufacturing jobs from eu japan and na to china philippines bangladesh and vietnam
shift of service and adminstration jobs to india esp city of banglalore
on surface level global shift = beneficial to asia but rapid economic growth has positive and negatives
eg china = heavy environmental costs since it has undergone an 'industrial revolution' since 1990 like the uk from 1770 to 1900
china has undergone
severe air pollution eg in Beijing = regularly above WHO safe limits
Beijings 6 million cars and coal burning power stations = source of pollution (2018 china used 50.2% of worlds coal production)
~50% of chinas rivers and lakes and 40% of groundwater = polluted and unsafe to drink
benefits of global shift
major investment in infrastructure, china built between 8000km of new speed highway between 2016 and 2020
shift from informal insecure employment to a waged employment w a set income and some security
tncs invest in training and skills development to improve workforce productivity and some transferreble skills
Many reductions in regional poverty due to employment ->850 million chinese ppl lifted out of povertybetween 1978 and 2020
more ppl in formal employment pay taxes, local and national gov invest in public servives eg ed and health
costs of global shift
urban sprawl and loss of productive farmland and forests as industry and cities expand to accommodate industry and worker housing
new developments tend to be unplanned and poorly built -> lacking key public services
pressure on natural resources esp water supply as new factories and offices demand resources
low wages long working hours lack of union representatives and possible exploitation of workers
rapid loss of tradition eg local foods and dress as pace of urban and industrial change is so rapid
china has undergone
severe air pollution eg in Beijing = over WHO safe limits regularly
Beijings 6 million cars and coal burning power stations = source of pollution -> 2015 china used 50.2% of coal production
~50% of chinas rivers & lakes and 40% of its groundwater = polluted and unsafe to drink untreated
>20% of china is subject to desertifcation and severe soil erosion->major dust storms
combined w deforestation -> forced farmers off their land into city bc farmland=overexploited
2017 WWF reported 1/2 land based verterbrae species=lost in last 40 years as biodiversity & habitats lost
air pollution in china has reduced LE by 5 years
developed countries exp deindustrialistation bc of global shift
but also is positive bc less pollution there, but only bc its shifted to asia
economic restructuring (when sectors such as 2ndary industry is replaced by another -> widespread changes in job types) caused a number of social and environmental problems in many former industrial cities in developed world eg detroit and chicago, sheffield and manchester
problems caused by economic restructuring
declining population
middlesbourough = high crime rate bc of poverty
~4% of all land in glasglow = derelict -> land is mostly disused factory sites and is often contaminated by industrial waste = costly to reuse
unemployment is high
connections created by globalisation = increase in global migration
greater 'churn' of ppl migrating for work now then ever before
greatest form of migration = rural urban migration -> feeds the growth of worlds megacities
in emerging and developing countries ~60% of urban growth is caused by rural urban migration and 40% by high birth rates in cities
rapid urban growth creates lots of social and environmental challenges
social challenges bc of megacity growth
housing in short supply -> growth of slums are shanty towns that lack water, sanitation and power supplies
poverty=widespread bc wages are low and jobs = short supply so ppl have dangerous informal jobs
lack of taxes = city govs struggle to supply essential health and education services
lack of water and sanitation = disease and illness = common in slums
environmental challenges of megacities
sprawling slums at city edge cause deforestation and loss of farmland increases flood risk
woodfires old vehicles and industry = air pollution levels are high
rivers and lakes are polluted w sewage and industrial waste making health problems worse
critical resources esp water = in short supply bc of soaring demand
migration can also be international, different migrants are attracted to global hub cities
HQs and offices of TNCs are located in global hubs -> high paid professional workers attracted to these places -> large wealth
global elite migrants employ maids drivers nannies and gardeners
this attracts low skill migrants eg indian and bangladeshi migrants moving to the UAE or filipinos migrating to saudi arabia
low skilled low wage migrants find jobs as construction workers for office and apartment blocks in global hubs
global hubs = city like london or dubai with an unusually high densuty of transport business political and cultural connections to the rest of the world
these cities eg new yorl attract exceptionally wealthy migrants eg russian oligarch billionaires investing in property in london and living there some of the time so they can send their children to uk elite private schools and to move money out of russia and invest in london property
migration: costs and beneifts for source country (where the migrants are from)
economic
+ remittances boost income of famillies
-loss of skilled and educated workers
social
+contact w diff culture
-families broken up as males migrate
political
-mass emigration can be viewed as a failure to provide for ppl at home
environmental
+reduces pressure on resources if population is large
migration: costs and benefits of migration for host country( where the migrants are going)
economic
+low wage workers fill skill gaps
-some host population workers can get jobs
social
+ migrants can counteract an ageing population
-demand for ed healthcare and housing rise
political
-cultural tensions between migrant and host populations
environmental
-can lead to demand for more housing and therefore loss of green space = overcrowding
globalisation -> spread of western culture and its based on
wealth creation -> earn money to buy consumer goods -> high levels of consumption
private enterprise -> ppl own businesses rather than gov owned
success -> measured by how wealthy u r and how much stuff u buy
fashion, tech and trends = important in western culture
an attitude that physical environment should be exploited for its natural resources to create wealth
western culture spread by cultural diffusion, and migration increases the spread as they move about
tourism brings ppl into contact with new cultures
tncs spread their brands and products around the world
global media organisations eg disney, CNN and BBC spread a western view of world events
cultural diffusion = exchange of idea between diff ppl as they mix and interact as a result of globalisation
western culture has positive and negative impacts on environment and ppl
western diet is changing diets worldwide esp in asian cities -> esp w spread of fast food ->linked to rising obesity and diabetes in many NEEs
fast food consumer culture = v wasteful in terms of resources eg packaging & fashion -> linked w deforestation & excessive water use as well as air & water pollution
but it has also improved opportunites for some traditonally disadvantages & discriminated against groups eg women, disabled ppl & LGBT groups
global media coverage of paralympics etc help get rid of discrimination
spread of western culture is heavily opposed by some = anti globalisation movement
these groups eg Occupy wall street and Global justice movement argue globalisation has
increased resource consumption via exploitation of natural environment -> deforestation, water pollution, global warming and loss of biodiversity
exploited workers
tncs and uncaring gov given political and economic power at expense of ordinary ppl