DNA and Proteins

• These are DNA sequences that encode proteins (the gene product)

  Genes
• The process whereby the information contained in genes begins to have effects in the cell

  gene
• This encodes and transmits the genetic information passed down from parents to offspring

  DNA
• What does DNA mean?

  Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• What does RNA mean?

  Ribonucleic Acid
• What flow is this?

  DNA -----> RNA ----> Protein

  Central Dogma
• A nucleic acid word is referred to as _____

  codon
• These are the four bases of the DNA

  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
• This type of molecule of RNA travels from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where the information in the copy is used for a protein product.

  Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• This type of molecule of RNA is known to be an adaptor molecule, typically 73-93 nucleotides in length.

  Transfer RNA (tRNA)
• This is the RNA component of the ribosome and a cell's protein factory in all living cells.

  Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• These are responsible for the process of replication

  Enzymes and other proteins
• This enzyme unzips the double helix to separate the strands of DNA.

  Helicase
• This is known as the "Builder Enzyme" that replicates DNA molecules to build a new strand of DNA.


  DNA Polymerase
• This enzyme creates a primer made from RNA to let the DNA Polymerase know where to start.


  Primase
• This enzyme binds the DNA fragments together.


  Ligase
• The building blocks of protein are called the Amino Acids.
• All the genetic codes are carried out on the nucleic acids.
• The three components of a nucleotide are the nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate.
• The two types of Nitrogenous bases are the purines and the pyrimidines.
• The purines are a two ring structured carbon ring that composes of adenine and guanine, and the pyrimidines are a single ring structured carbon ring that composes of cytosine and thymine.
• The DNA is described as a "double helix"
• Amino acids link up to form polypeptides or peptones.
• The bond formed between two amino acids is strong and is called a peptide bond. Peptide bonds are formed in a condensation reaction.
• This is the monomer of a nucleic acid that consists of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base.

  Nucleotide
• In a Ribonucleic Acid (RNA), the bases are known to be the purines (Adenosine and Guanine) and Pyrimidines (Cytosine and Uracil).
• DNA codes for proteins
• There are a total of 20 Amino acids, 9 which are essential for the human body.
• A mistake in the DNA causes a mutation
• Polypeptides are chains of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.
• Protein synthesis occurs in two stages: transcription and translation
• Transcription is the first step where the information from the DNA is copied onto messenger RNA (mRNA)
• Transcription is when mRNA is made from DNA
• Translation is where protein is made using tRNA and ribosomes
• The process by which RNA is made from DNA

  Transcription
• DNA is called the "Blueprint of Life" because


  it contains the plans for building an organism
• The three nucleotides sequence on RNA is called a

  codon
• All of the following are true about RNA except:

  • RNA can leave the nucleus
  • RNA contains uracil in place of thymine
  • RNA is a single strand
  • RNA and DNA have the same 5-C sugar

  RNA and DNA have the same 5-C sugar
• This is the process where the mRNA turns to tRNA. It converts the information from the RNA into a protein

  translation
• What happens to the tRNA without the amino acid?

  detached from the ribosome