2021

• look below

  
• how do hormones travel from one gland to another gland?

  Hormones are released into the bloodstream, so travel in blood to target organ through blood vessels.
• name 2 glands involved in human reproduction

  -testes(male gland)

  -Ovaries(female gland)
• Q:Which hormone is detected by ovulation test kits?

  ✓ Luteinising hormone (LH)

  LH release causes ovulation, so when LH gets released in large quantities, ovulation is about to occur.
• 2 uses of peat taken from peat bogs

  -peat contains compost used in soil while gardening

  -burning peat is a source of fuel
• 2 ways to increase biodiversity in the UK

  -planting more trees meaning more habitats for wildlife, giving better chance of survival.

  -Breeding programmes for endangered species & releasing them back to wild life. This can boost wild populations.
• genus of the fungus

  ourasphaira
• why was the mud important during the formation of the fossil


  The mud stopped oxygen reaching the fungus
• suggest one reason why an accurate estimation of when this species of fungus existed is not known

  fossils of the fungus may have been destroyed(by geological activity)
• which domain are fungi classified in

  Eukaryota
• 2 characteristics are features of organisms in the domain Archaea

  -can survive in extreme environments

  -The cytoplasm contains DNA
• 3 types of evidence that are used now to classify living things

  -chemical analysis

  -DNA/genetic analysis -enables to compare the genomes of species with another

  -Studies of evolution
• Explain why evolution is easier to study in this species of bird than in humans

  -Birds have a significantly shorter life cycle

  -they produce more offspring

  -therefore, the genetics at the population changes faster
• Describe evidence that would show 2 individual birds are the same species

  -Birds of the same species have some phenotype

  -Therefore, this has the same genotype

  -so can reproduce and produce fertile offspring
• Caffeine decreases reaction time

  Suggest one control variable the student should have used in the investigation

  -age or sex

  -students should not intake caffeine other than that day (part of the experiment)
• 2 sources of random error when using this method to measure a person's reaction time

  -Student A doesn't press both start buttons simultaneously

  -student B could be distracted
• how the effect of adrenaline on heart rate might cause reaction time to decrease

  Adrenaline increases heart rate, which increases oxygen to brain cells which increases rate of respiration so releasing more energy for faster muscle contraction.
• X=Synapse

  idk

  
• suggest why reaction time decreases when caffeine binds to adenosine receptors.

  -fewer adenosine (molecules) can bind to receptors

  -Therefore, impulses in relay neurone are more frequent.
• heterozygous -D

  The individual has different alleles for the same gene
• Q01.7 — Evaluate the use of the new male contraceptive drug

  [6 marks]

  Answer (summarised):The new drug lasts up to 13 years, longer than methods like condoms or pills, and offers men a unique long-term option.

  However, once injected, it can’t be undone easily, and it may not stay fully effective the entire time. Being new, its safety and effectiveness are still uncertain, and it doesn’t protect against STDs.

  Conclusion: The risks and unknowns currently outweigh the benefits—existing methods are safer and more reliable.
• Q: Explain the process of evolution that could cause the trend in Figure 4

  [6 marks]

  Answer (summarised):There is genetic variation in beak length due to mutations. Birds with longer beaks can access more food, giving them a survival advantage. They grow stronger and have more offspring, passing on the 'long beak' gene. Over generations, more birds have longer beaks due to natural selection.
• Q: Explain how polydactyly suddenly occurred in this family

  [4 marks]

  Answer (summarised):Since neither parent carried the allele, polydactyly must have been caused by a random mutation in a sex cell during meiosis. The mutation changed the gene, which altered the amino acid sequence, possibly making the resulting protein non-functional or different—leading to the condition.