Term 1

• Ionic bonds

  -formed by opposite charges

  -form a compound with a full valence shell.

  -Neutral
• Strong acid

  0-2
• Weak acid

  3-6
• Neutral


  7
• Weak base

  8-11
• Strong base

  12-14
• What is the number of shells on an atom equal to?

  The period number
• What are indicators?

  A chemical compound that changes colour depending on the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
• Concentrated solutions

  Have a large amount of dissolved solute, causing it to be a darker colour.
• Dilute

  Has a small amount of dissolved solute, making it a lighter colour.
• Observations of acid + carbonate

  -fizzing caused by formation of carbon dioxide

  -salt + water + carbon dioxide is formed

  -becomes hotter
• What does period number tell you?

  Tells how many energy shells in an atom
• What does group number show?

  How many valence electrons are on the outer shell.
• Covalent bonds


  -chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms.
• Why are carboxylic acids considered acidic?

  When dissolved in water, they donate a proton (produce H+ ions)
• What experiment did Ernest Rutherford do?

  Ernest Rutherford did the gold foil experiment, which is where a beam of alpha particles was aimed at a piece of gold foil. Most particles passed through the foil, but a few scattered backward. This showed that most of the atom is empty space surrounding a tiny nucleus.
• What charge is in atoms?

  Neutral
• Why are atoms neutral?

  Equal number of POSITIVE PROTONS and NEGATIVE ELECTRONS
• What ions are in water?

  H+ and OH- ions. Water is caused by the neutralisation of this.
• If a strong acid (nitric acid) is added to a base, what will happen?

  Once a strong acid is added to a base, neutralisation will occur. This is because and acid has been added to a base. The pH will decrease by a lot due to the formation of salt and water. The pH of the resulting solution suggests that it is acidic (0-6).
• Non-metal + metal=


  Ionic bond
• Non-metal + non-metal=


  Covalent bond
• What to mention while figuring out if its an ionic or covalent bond?

  -electron configuration of both atoms

  -if it gains/ loses electrons to form ions + charges of ions

  -therefore the compound of the ions (swap + drop)
• What is a covalent bond?


  Covalent bonds are formed by the sharing of electrons making electron pairs. Covalent bonds are between non-metals.
• acid + carbonate ->


  salt + water + carbon dioxide
• How is carbon dioxide formed from acid + carbonate?

  The H+ ions (from acid) react with the carbonate ions to form a carbon dioxide gas, water and a salt.
• Why are atoms considered electrically neutral?

  Atoms have an equal number of protons and electrons.
• Describe (para) of Aluminum oxide
• Describe (para) of sodium chloride
• What happens if the number of valence electrons is not full?

  It becomes an ion by gaining or losing an electron.
• How many elements are there?

  118
• What are elements?


  Pure substances made of only one type of atom.
• What are compounds?


  Substances formed by chemically bonding at least two different types of atoms.
• Is water a compound?

  Yes because it is made of Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms.
• What are molecules?


  Molecules can be elements (made of two or more atoms of the same type) or compounds (made of two or more different types of atoms).
• What does atomic number indicate?

  Number of protons.
• What does mass number indicate?

  The number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
• How do you work out neutrons?

  Mass number - atomic number.
• What does pH scale measure?

  The concentration of OH- and H+ ions in a solution.
• If there are more H+ ions than OH- it will be acidic.