genetic engineering

• Genetic Engineering is the process by which scientists manipulate genes to produce desired traits.
• classical breeding


  practice of mating or breeding selected organisms with desirable traits
• emasculation


  removal of anther from the bisexual flowers before the anthers mature
• recombinant DNA technology


  joining together of DNA from two different species
• gel electrophoresis


  a tecgnique used to separate dna fragments according to their size
• plasmid


  small circular pieces of dna (can be found in bacteria) has a ability to replicate
• vector 


  used a vehicle to carry a particular dna segment
• pbr322


  the first artificial cloning vector. bigger size but lower replication
• puc19 


  artifial clonin vector created by joachim messing. wildly used to its high copy number. smaller in size, high replication
• gmo(genetically modified organism) 


  dna has been altered using genetic engineering techniques
• bt


  bacillus thuringiensis