SIGMUND FREUD

• The father of psychoanalysis

  Sigmund Freud
• S. Freud's Hometown


  Czechoslovakia
• Where did Freud graduate?

  Sperl Gymnasium
• Who believed that mental illness is a result of nurture, not nature?

  Sigmund Freud
• "What makes people do things?"

  Motivation
• What motivates human beings are:

  Food, shelter, clothing, etc.
• He urged people to acknowledge their basic needs before addressing higher needs and ultimately self-actualization.

  Abraham Maslow
• The ultimate goal of living is to attain personal growth and understanding. Only through constant self-improvement and self-understanding can an individual ever be truly happy.
• Someone's present functioning is their most significant aspect. As a result, humanists emphasize the here and now instead of examining the past or attempting to predict the future.
• To be mentally healthy, individuals must take personal responsibility for their actions, regardless of whether the actions are positive or negative.
• üEach person, simply by being, is inherently worthy. While any given action may be negative, these actions do not cancel out the value of a person.
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs (top to bottom)

  1. Self-Actualization
  2. Esteem
  3. Love/Belonging
  4. Safety
  5. Physiological
• morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts

  Self-actualization
• self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect for others, respected by others

  Esteem
• friendship, family, sexual intimacy

  Love/Belongingness
• Security, Order, and Stability

  Safety
• Basic needs (breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, )excretion


  Physiological
• Maslow described human needs as ordered in a prepotent hierarchy—a pressing need would need to be mostly satisfied before someone would give their attention to the next highest need
• According to Maslow's theory, when a human being ascends the levels of the hierarchy having fulfilled the needs in the hierarchy, one may eventually achieve [].

  self-actualization
• Late in life, Maslow came to conclude that self-actualization was not an automatic outcome of satisfying the other human needs
• individuals intellectually stimulate themselves and explore.

  Cognitive Level
• the need for harmony, order and beauty.

  aesthetic level
• occurs when individuals reach a state of harmony and understanding because they are engaged in achieving their full potential.

  need for self-actualization
• Being deprived of a need arouses a feeling


  drive or desire
• People have DRIVES OR DESIRES in the back of their minds

  e.g.  will to die
• The human mind has 3 aspects which influence behavior:

  Ego

  Superego

  Id
• unconscious part of the mind (this part of the mind seeks to bring us pleasure)

  • primitive parts of our personality including aggression and sexual drives

  Id
• • conscious part of the mind (Rational Self).
  • decides what action to take for positive means and what to do based on what is believed is the right thing to do
  • Aware of reality.

  Ego
• • unconscious part of the mind that acts as our conscience
  • Reminds us of what we should do.

  Superego
• “The ID and the SUPEREGO are in constant conflict.  Your DRIVE tells you to do one thing , while SOCIETY tells you to do something else”
• Thoughts and perceptions

  Conscious level
• memories, stored knowledge
• memories, stored knowledge

  preconscious level
• fear, violent motives, unacceptable sexual desires, immoral urges, selfish needs, irrational wishes, shameful, experiences

  unconscious level
• If you don’t resolve this conflict between the ID and the SUPEREGO, you may experience unhappiness or mental distress.

  Thus, in order to understand motivation, you must understand what is in your unconscious memory.  This is the basis for PSYCHOANALYSIS.
• Psychoanalysis has as its core the idea that each of us has an unconscious part whose existence, activities and thoughts are hidden behind a mental barrier that we cannot voluntarily remove
• • Freud believed dreams were your unconscious mind talking to you
  • dreams were very symbolic and difficult to analyze

  Dreams