Laisa Losala

• Biochemistry


  The study of the chemistry of living things, including organic molecules and their chemical reactions. Most people consider biochemistry to be synonymous with molecular biology.
• Biochemistry


  • Deals with the study of all the life processes such as control and coordination within a living organism
• Molecular Biology


  The roots of Biochemistry, dealing with the study of functions of the living systems and the interactions between DNA, proteins, and RNA and their synthesis
• Cell Biology


  Deals with the structure and functions of cells in living organisms, primarily focusing on the study of cells of the eukaryotic organisms and their signalling pathways, rather than focusing on prokaryotes
• Metabolism


  One of the most important processes taking place in all living things, involving the transformations or the series of activities that happens when food is converted into energy in a human body, such as the process of digestion
• Genetics


  A branch of biochemistry that deals with the study of genes, their variations and the heredity characteristics in living organisms
• Other branches of Biochemistry

  • Animal and Plant Biochemistry
  • Molecular Chemistry
  • Endocrinology
  • Neurochemistry
  • Environmental
  • Toxicology
  • Biotechnology
  • Genetic engineering
  • Pharmaceuticals
  • Nutrition
  • Photosynthesis
• Biomolecules


  The biological molecules or macromolecules that are the building blocks of living organisms
• Biochemistry is essential to understand the chemical processes, the catalytic functions of enzymes, utilizing the potential energy obtained from the oxidation of foodstuff, and the properties and structure of substances
• Tools to study biochemistry

  Chemical structures and reactivity's of molecules that participate in cellular reactions, biological function of cellular molecules, and how all of the pieces and different pathways fit together
• Living systems appear complex but there is an underlying simplicity and elegance
• Most biological compounds are made of only six elements: C, H, O, N, P, S
• All organisms have similar biochemical pathways and use the same genetic code
• Atom


  The smallest and most fundamental unit of matter, consisting of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons
• 4 Major classes of biomolecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Amino Acids
  • Nucleotides
• Other biomolecules include Vitamins and Heme
• Building blocks


  Smaller molecules used to create larger macromolecules
• Cell


  The smallest fundamental unit of structure in living organisms, with all the properties of life including being composed of biomolecules, the ability to metabolize, maintain homeostasis, respond to external stimuli, grow and reproduce, and evolve
• Organelles


  Small structures within cells that perform specialized functions
• Levels of Biological Organization

  • Cell
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ System
  • Organism
• Prokaryotes


  Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles, including bacteria and archaea
• Eukaryotes


  Organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles, including plants, animals, fungi, protozoans, yeasts and some algae
• Eukaryotic Cell Parts


  • Cytoplasm/Cytosol
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Nucleus
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Lysosomes
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Mitochondria
• Classes of Organic Compounds

  • Hydrocarbons
  • Hydrocarbon Derivatives
• Types of Hydrocarbons


  • Saturated (Alkanes)
  • Unsaturated (Alkenes, Alkynes)
  • Cycloalkanes
  • Aromatic
  • Aliphatic
  • Alicyclic
• Properties of Hydrocarbons


  • Alkanes
  • Alkenes
  • Alkynes
• Reactions of Hydrocarbons


  • Oxidation & Reduction
  • Combustion
  • Addition
• The speaker reflects on their mother's life and how she has influenced them.
• Carbohydrates


  Biochemical compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the general formula Cn(H2O)n
• Topics and ILO


  • Discuss the classification of carbohydrates
  • Compare structures and reactions of disaccharides and polysaccharides
• Carbohydrates
• Biochemistry
• Monosaccharide


  Simple sugars that cannot be broken down into other sugars
• Monosaccharides


  • Trioses
  • Tetroses
  • Pentoses
  • Hexoses
• Trioses


  Three-carbon sugars formed during the metabolic breakdown of hexoses in muscle metabolism, e.g. glyceraldehyde
• Tetroses


  Four-carbon sugars, e.g. erythrose
• Pentoses


  Five-carbon sugar molecules, including ribose (part of RNA) and deoxyribose (part of DNA)
• Hexoses


  The most common monosaccharides, including glucose, galactose, and fructose
• Glucose


  The most important monosaccharide normally found in the bloodstream and tissue fluids, can be prepared by hydrolysis of sucrose or starch
• Galactose


  An isomer of glucose and an aldohexose