NCM 101 LEC

• Subjective Data includes information about the client's feelings or perceptions
• Invasive diagnostic test


  Any type of medical test that requires physicians to use instrumentation to physically enter the body
• Bronchoscopy


  1. A thin tube "bronchoscope" is passed through the nose or mouth, down to the throat and into the lungs of the patient

  2. It is most commonly performed using a flexible bronchoscope, but a rigid bronchoscope may be needed in certain situations
• Abdominal contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)


  1. The CEUS procedure requires little to no special preparation

  2. The patient must wear loose, comfortable clothing, or he/she might be asked to wear a patient's gown
• Blood test


  A laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick
• Blood tests


  • Multiple tests for specific blood components can be done, including blood glucose test or cholesterol test
  • Blood tests are often used in healthcare to determine physiological or biochemical state such as diseases, mineral content, pharmaceutical drug effectiveness and organ function
• Endoscopy


  A minimally invasive diagnostic medical procedure that assesses the interior surfaces of an organ by inserting a tube into the body
• Non-invasive diagnostic test


  When no break in the skin is created and there is no contact with the mucosa, or skin break, or internal body cavity beyond a natural or artificial body orifice
• Ultrasound (Sonography)


  • Ultrasound imaging uses sound waves to produce pictures of the inside of the body
  • It is safe, non-invasive and does not use ionizing radiation
  • Requires little to no special preparation
• 1. ray


  • An imaging test that can help doctors view the inside of the body without having to make an incision
  • It is used to examine areas where the patient is experiencing pain or discomfort, monitor the progression of diagnosed disease, and check the effectiveness of prescribed treatment
• Eye examination


  • A series of tests performed by an ophthalmologist, optometrist, or orthoptist, assessing vision and ability to focus on and discern objects, as well as other tests and examinations pertaining to the eyes
• CT scan


  • Combines a series of X-ray images taken from different angles around the body and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images
  • It is used if there are implanted metal in the body, and for claustrophobic patients who cannot undergo MRI
• MRI


  • A type of scan that uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body
  • It cannot be used if the patient has implanted metal, and is not recommended for claustrophobic patients
• Sputum collection


  1. The client needs to cough and expectorate the mucous secretion from the lungs, bronchi and trachea

  2. It is used for culture and sensitivity, cytology, and to identify the presence of tuberculosis
• Nursing responsibilities for sputum collection

  • Ensuring appropriate collection of samples
  • Precise sample identification
  • Making sure all selected supplies are suitable for collection
  • Timely transfer of specimen to the lab
  • Patient interaction
  • Labeling the specimen collected
• Complete blood count (CBC)

  A blood test used to evaluate overall health and detect a wide range of disorders, including anemia, infection and leukemia
• Normal values for CBC

  • RBC: Male 4.5-5.3 million/mm3, Female 4.1-5.1 million/mm3
  • Hemoglobin: Male 13.8-18 g/dl, Female 12-16 g/dl
  • Hematocrit: Male 37-49%, Female 36-46%
  • MCV: 78-100 um3 (male), 78-102 um3 (female)
  • MCH: 25-35 pg
  • MCHC: 31-37%
  • WBC: 4,500-11,000/mm3
  • Differential count: Neutrophils 55-70%, Lymphocytes 20-40%, Monocytes 2-8%, Eosinophils 1-4%, Basophils 0-2%
  • Platelet count: 150,000-350,000/mm3
• Blood glucose test


  Used to determine or monitor blood glucose levels of clients at risk for hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia, to promote blood glucose regulation, and to evaluate the effectiveness of insulin administration
• Normal values for blood glucose tests

  • Random blood sugar: Normal 79–160 mg/dl, Pre-diabetes 160–200 mg/dl, Diabetes > 200 mg/dl
  • Fasting blood sugar: Normal 100 mg/dL, Prediabetes 100 to 125 mg/dL, Diabetes 126 mg/dL or higher
  • Oral glucose test: Normal <140 mg/dL, Prediabetes 140 -199 mg/dL, Diabetes >200 mg/dL
  • HbA1c: Normal < 5.75%, Prediabetes 5.7 and 6.4%, Diabetes > 6.5%
• Lipid profile


  Measures the amount of cholesterol and other fats in the blood, including total cholesterol, LDL ("bad") cholesterol, HDL ("good") cholesterol, and triglycerides
• Normal ranges for lipid profile


  • Total cholesterol: 150- 200 mg/dl
  • HDL: Male 35-65 mg/dl, Female 35-80 mg/dl
  • LDL: <130 mg/dl
  • Triglycerides: <150 mg/dl
• Serum creatinine test


  Assesses creatinine levels to assess kidney function
• Normal values for serum creatinine

  • Female: 0.6–1.1 mg/dL
  • Male: 0.7–1.3 mg/dL
• Serum albumin test


  Assesses liver and kidney function
• Normal serum albumin: 3.4- 5.4 g/dl
• Blood uric acid test


  Diagnoses gout and kidney stones
• Normal values for blood uric acid

  • Female: 2.5 to 7.5 mg/dL
  • Male: 4.0 to 8.5 mg/dL
• Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)


  Measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from the waste product urea
• Normal BUN: 7 to 20 mg/dL
• Transferrin


  A protein made by the liver that binds and carries iron in the blood
• Normal transferrin levels


  • 170 to 370 mg/dl
• Antigen skin testing


  Diagnostic tests injected into the skin to aid in the diagnosis of infection with certain pathogens
• Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) skin test

  1. A test that determines if a person has tuberculosis (TB)

  2. Read after 48-72 hrs

  3. Induration of 5 to 9 millimeters is considered positive
• Bone mineral density (BMD) scan


  A special type of X-ray that measures bone mineral density to assess bone strength and fracture risk
• Invasive diagnostic test


  Any type of medical test that requires physicians to use instrumentation to physically enter the body
• Bronchoscopy


  1. A thin tube "bronchoscope" is passed through the nose or mouth, down to the throat and into the lungs of the patient

  2. It is most commonly performed using a flexible bronchoscope, but a rigid bronchoscope may be needed in certain situations
• Abdominal contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)


  1. The CEUS procedure requires little to no special preparation

  2. The patient must wear loose, comfortable clothing, or he/she might be asked to wear a patient's gown
• Blood test


  A laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick
• Blood tests


  • Multiple tests for specific blood components can be done, including blood glucose test or cholesterol test
  • Blood tests are often used in healthcare to determine physiological or biochemical state such as diseases, mineral content, pharmaceutical drug effectiveness and organ function
• Endoscopy


  A minimally invasive diagnostic medical procedure that assesses the interior surfaces of an organ by inserting a tube into the body