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• Article 8: The Judicial department
• Section 1. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law.
• Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the Government.
• Judicial Power - The power and duty of courts of justice to apply the laws to contests or disputes concerning legally recognized rights or duties between the state and private persons or individuals.
• Adjudicatory Power - To determine whether there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess jurisdiction on the part of any branch or instrumentality of the government.
• Adjudicatory Power - To settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable.
• Power of judicial review - To pass upon the validity or constitutionality of the laws of the state and the acts of the other departments of the government. To interpret them. To render binding judgment.
• Incidental powers - To effectively discharge the judicial functions such as the power to punish a person adjudged in contempt.
• Member of Supreme Court qualifications - A natural born citizen of the Philippines, At least 40 years of age, Must have (15) year or more, been a judge of a lower courts or engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines, and A person of proven competence, integrity, probity, and independence.
• Qualifications of members of any lower collegiate court shall be prescribed by Congress.