motivation and emotion

• motives


  internal forces that move us to act in certain ways
• instincts


  genetically endowed tendency to behave in a particular way
• William James theory of instincts


  thought that humans are impelled by biologically based motives triggered by features of environment (false)
• Claude Bernard (1813-1878)


  idea that everything we do serves a purpose (every organism has an external and internal environment)
• external environment


  everything outside an organisms boundaries that might affect it
• internal environment


  concentrations of salts in the body fluids, oxygen levels, nutrients, and body fuel
• homeostasis (Walter Cannon)


  sensing some aspect of the body internal environment (control centres in the brain produce internal adjustments)
• drive


  homeostasis creates internal state of psychological and biological tension
• drive reduction account of motivation

  what calls for behaviours that reduces the drive and returns body to equilibrium
• example of drive reduction theory


  when you're cold and the hypothalamus activates SNS to promote shivering
• pain matrix


  distributed brain regions underlies sensory and emotional components of pain (often to withdraw)
• example of pain matrix

  you stub your toe so you quickly withdraw occurs in amygdala
• pain signals


  generate affective states that differ quantitively and qualitatively to work out what pain should be prioritized
• why do people act in ways the increase pain instead of decrease

  valued goal motivates people to endure pain
• non suicidal self injury (NSSI)

  intentional inflicted self harm
• escape from self hypothesis (Baumeister 1988)


  experience of physical pain focus on the injury at the present moment as a consequence
• intrinsically rewarding incentive


  positive goals seeked to achieve through activity we are drawn
• example of intrinsically rewarding incentive


  playing basketball for the sport because its fun
• extrinsically rewarding incentive


  pursued because of a reward that isn't inherent part of activity
• example of extrinsic reward incentive


  mowing someones lawn for money
• wanting vs liking


  wanting (motivation) , liking (pleasure)
• glucostatic hypothesis (Campfield & smith 2003)


  the hypothesis that hunger and eating are regulated by the body's monitoring and adjustment of blood glucose levels
• lipostatic hypothesis


  hypothesis adipose tissue play a role in hunger and appetite (long term)
• appetite control signals (not hungry)

  leptin and CCK link t hypothalamus
• appetite control signals (hungry)

  ghreline to NPY and NPY to intestinal tract
• body weight "set point" theory


  body seeks to maintain weight despite alterations to dietary
• metabolic rate


  rate at which body uses energy
• dual centre theory


  Contrasting roles of two hypothalamic centres, enters of the hypothalamus to regulate feelings of hunger and fullness
• what does the lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus of in the dual centre theory


  lateral hypothalamus acts as a "go" centre for eating, the ventromedial hypothalamus acts as the "stop" centre
• Unit bias


  The size of what counts as a single portion (serving portions differ from parts of the world)
• How do cultural norms shape eating habits

  Not only shapes portions but also the content (ex: what is considered a delicacy)
• How does unit bias suggest a reason that the U.S. have higher obesity rates

  U.S citizens think that a larger food portion counts as a serving size
• Anorexia nervosa


  Intense fear of gaining weight (although preoccupied with food and eating) — nurtured by perception of bodies
• Bulimia nervosa


  Extreme concern with weight and appearance (binge eating)
• Compensatory behavior


  Subsequent actions to ensure that binge eating doesnt translate to weight gain (self induced vomit)
• Binge eating disorder


  Repeated episodes of binge eating (from bulimmia nervosa — but dont engage in compensatory behavior)
• Healthy risks associated with obesity

  Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancers
• Thrifty gene hypothesis


  the evolutionary hypothesis that natural selection has favored individuals with efficient metabolisms that maximize fat storage
• Does sexual arousal generated by sexually explicit materials encourage sexual behaviors


  Exposure to sexual materials does increase likelihood of engaging in sexual behaviors
• What are the findings regarding the relationship of exposure to sexually explicit materials to outcomes of sexual practices


  The research is unclear, with different studies providing contradictory findings