personality

• personality


  set ways of thinking , feeling, and behaving that together explain why different people can react differently to the same situation
• psychoanalysis


  early theory of personality
• unconsciousness


  thoughts and feelings that fall below the threshold of awareness
• ID


  Freuds theory that unconscious mind drives instinctual needs
• what are functions of ID

  humans born with instinctual drives/needs that operate according to pleasure principle
• What is ego?


  largely conscious part of mind, allows to monitor environments and operate through the reality principle.
• What is the function of the ego?

  The ego monitors preconscious thoughts and motives, making them continuously accessible to the individual.
• superego


  representing internalized cultural rules and ideals that guid moral consciousness
• sigmund freud findings


  every action is a manifestation of thoughts/feeling/memories from unconscious and free associations/dream analysis
• defence mechanisms


  way the ego copes with conflict between unconscious desires of the ID and moral constraints of society
• 3 main defence mechanisms

  projection , repression and denial
• projection


  instead of acknowledging a trait in yourself you conscience to see it in others
• repression


  keeps the ego's effort of unwanted feelings/thoughts/memories from conscious awareness
• denial


  the ego's refusal to even perceive a painful or threatening experience while it is happening
• unconscious thought


  occurs below consciousness and show how minds can perceive stimuli, , enact behaviours and process complex information
• the importance of early development

  1800's parents treated children as small adults, freud questioned theories of child development and suggested personalities stem from childhood
• influence of the mind on the body (freud)

  psychoanalysis of the mind accounting for medical body disorders (current understanding of stress can have physical symptoms)
• the talking cure


  psychoanalysis is the only psychotherapy used in treatment option (freud believed people can be cured by talking)
• gordon allport


  discovered how individual traits are integrated to create someones personality as a whole
• three general types of traits

  cardinal, central and secondary
• cardinal traits


  dominate someones personality (cardinal trait directs behavior)
• central traits


  general disposition to describe somebody (someone outgoing / neurotic doesn't define, but provides insight on behaviours0
• secondary traits


  relevant to contexts (guy isn't normally talkative but is when he's with family members)
• lexical hypothesis


  traits differentiate from others are encoded through language
• allport and odbert (1936)


  identified almost 18,000 words representing traits into four general classes
• four general classes of traits

  traits, temporary states/moods, evaluate judgements, and physical characteristics and talents
• traits


  4500 terms (cautious, friendly, aggressive)
• temporary states/moods


  4500 terms (happy, bored, etc.)
• evaluate judgements


  5200 terms (successful, annoying)
• physical characteristics and talents

  3700 terms (tall, musical)
• factor analysis


  to sort through data and take large onset of variables and group into small constructs on correlation
• two dimensions of factor analysis

  extraversion (friendly/outgoing) and neuroticism (neurotic/moody)
• assessment


  using tools to quantify traits and features of personality (questionnaires/self report)
• what did (L.R Goldberg; McCrae & Costa) discover

  The Big Five: model that makes up human variation
• the big five


  OCEAN

  Openness

  Conscientiousness

  Extraversion

  Agreeableness

  Neuroticism
• open mindedness


  imaginative, independent, and prefers variety, intellectual curiosity, aesthetic sensitivity and creative imagination
• conscientiousness


  organized, careful and responsible

  (organized, productive, responsible)
• extraversion


  energetic and outgoing

  (sociability, energy level, assertiveness)
• agreeableness


  good natured, helpful and trusting

  (compassion, respectfulness and trust)
• neuroticism


  calm and secure

  (anxiety, emotional volatility, depression)