STS CHAPTER 1

• is an interdisciplinary course designed to examine the ways that science and technology shape, and are shaped by, our society, politics, and culture.

  Science and Technology and Society
• It explores the conditions under which production, distribution and utilization of scientific knowledge and technological systems occur; and the effects of these processes upon the entire society

  STS
• are greatly interconnected to the discussion of STS because these are the very factors that molded the development of science and technology as we know it today.


  History and philosophy of science and technology, sociology and anthropology
• is an evolving body of knowledge that is based on theoretical expositions and experimental and empirical activities that generates universal truths.

  Science
• , on the other hand is the application of science and creation of systems, processes and objects designed to help humans in their daily activities.

  Technology
• The development of science and technology has brought immense progress in society and men. ___ influences individuals and society.

  Scientific knowledge and technology
• is the sum total of our interactions as humans, including the interactions that we engage in to understand the nature of things and to create things. It is also defined as a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations

  Society
• Science during this times involved practical arts like healing practices and metal tradition

  ancient times
• was renowned for his knowledge of medicine.

  Imhotep
• Most historians agree that the heart of Egyptian medicine was .

  trial and error
• The Egyptian medicine was considered advanced as compared with other ancient nations because of one of the early inventions of Egyptian civilization – the ____. It is an ancient form of paper, made from the papyrus plant, a reed which grows in the marshy areas around the Nile river.

  papyrus
• The invention of this ancient form of paper revolutionized the way information was transmitted from person to person and generation to generation.

  Papyrus
• As this accumulated knowledge was passed down from generation to generation, ___ medicine became the most respected form of medicine in the known world.

  Egyptian
• Around the time that papyrus was first being used in Egypt, they were making pottery using the first known potter’s wheel.

  Mesopotamians
• were the early thinkers and as far as historians can tell, they were the first true scientists.

  ancient Greeks
• Scientific thought in Classical Antiquity becomes tangible from the ____ in pre-Socratic philosophy (Thales, Pythagoras).

  6th century BC
• In circa 385 BC, Plato founded the Academy. With Plato's student ____ begins the "scientific revolution" of the Hellenistic period culminating in the 3rd to 2nd centuries with scholars such as Eratosthenes, Euclid, Aristarchus of Samos, Hipparchus and Archimedes.

  Aristotle
• This period produced substantial advances in scientific knowledge, especially in anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography, mathematics and astronomy; an awareness of the importance of certain scientific problems, especially those related to the problem of change and its cause; and a recognition of the methodological importance of applying mathematics to natural phenomena and of undertaking empirical research.

  The Advent of Science
• The scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of ____ and deliberate ____, in their scientific investigations.

  mathematics, empirical research
• was a period of cultural, economic and scientific flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the eighth century to the fourteenth century, with several contemporary scholars dating the end of the era to the fifteenth or sixteenth century.

  Islamic Golden Age
• The Islamic Golden Age is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph ____ (786 to 809) with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, where scholars from various parts of the world with different cultural backgrounds were mandated to gather and translate all of the world's classical knowledge into the Arabic language and subsequently development in various fields of sciences began

  Harun al-Rashid
• Science and technology in the Islamic world adopted and preserved knowledge and technologies from contemporary and earlier civilizations, including ____, while making numerous improvements, innovations and inventions.

  Persia, Egypt, India, China, and Greco-Roman antiquity
• Islamic scientific achievements encompassed a wide range of subject areas, especially ___

  astronomy, mathematics, and medicine
• was practiced in other subjects like alchemy and chemistry, botany and agronomy, geography and cartography, ophthalmology, pharmacology, physics and zoology

  Scientific inquiry
• was characterized by having practical purposes as well as the goal of understanding.

  Islamic science
• Astronomy was useful in determining the ____, which is the direction in which to pray, botany is applied in agriculture and geography enabled scientists to make accurate maps.

  Qibla
• Mathematics also flourished during the Islamic Golden Age with the works of Al-Khwarizmi, ____ and Jamshid al Kashi that led to advanced in algebra, trigonometry, geometry and Arabic numerals.

  Avicenna
• They produced books that contain descriptions of the preparation of hundred of drugs made from medicinal plants and chemical compounds. Islamic doctors describe diseases like smallpox and measles, and challenged classical Greek medical knowledge.

  Al-Biruni, and Avicenna
• Islamic physicists such as ____and others studied optics and mechanics as well as astronomy, and criticized Aristotle’s view of motion.

  Ibn Al-Haytham, Al-Biruni
• This view holds that it lacked innovation, and was mainly important for handing on ancient knowledge to medieval Europe.

  traditionalist view
• This view holds that it constituted a scientific revolution.

  revisionist view
• Ancient Chinese scientists and engineers made significant scientific innovations, findings and technological advances across various scientific disciplines including the natural sciences, _____, _____, ____, mathematics, geology and ____.

  engineering, medicine, military technology, astronomy
• Ancient China gave the world the Four Great Inventions that include the ____. These were considered as among the most important technological advances and were only known to Europe

  compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing
• ____ blew up the knightly class, the _____ discovered the world market and found the colonies, and the printing press was the instrument of ___ and the regeneration of science in general; the most powerful lever for creating the intellectual prerequisites- Karl Marx

  Gunpowder, compass, Protestantism
• The 14th century was the beginning of the cultural movement of the ___, which was considered by many as the Golden Age of Science.

  Renaissance