Fractional distillation

• What are non-renewable fuels?

  Coal, oil, and gas
• Why are non-renewable fuels called finite resources?

  They take long to form and will run out
• What is crude oil primarily used for?

  As a raw material in chemical industry
• How is crude oil formed?

  From buried remains of plants and animals
• What is the general formula for hydrocarbons?

  C_nH_2n+2
• What happens during fractional distillation of crude oil?

  It separates crude oil into different fractions
• How do different fractions in crude oil differ?

  By their boiling points and uses
• What is the significance of the temperature gradient in distillation columns?

  It allows separation based on boiling points
• What happens to the gas produced during distillation?

  It is collected at the top of the column
• Why do longer hydrocarbons have higher boiling points?

  They have stronger intermolecular forces
• How does the boiling point of hydrocarbons change with chain length?

  Longer chains have higher boiling points
• What are the main steps in fractional distillation of crude oil?

  1. Heating crude oil in a distillation column
  2. Gas rises and cools as it moves up
  3. Different fractions condense at different heights
  4. Collecting fractions based on boiling points
• What is the result of heating crude oil during distillation?

  It turns into gas and vaporizes
• What is the role of the fractionating column in distillation?

  To separate components based on boiling points
• How does the temperature change in a distillation column affect the separation process?

  It creates a gradient for effective separation
• What is the final product of distillation of crude oil?

  Various hydrocarbon fractions
• Why is it important to separate crude oil into fractions?

  To obtain useful products for various industries
• What is the environmental impact of using non-renewable fuels?

  They contribute to pollution and climate change
• What is a characteristic of hydrocarbons found in crude oil?

  They contain carbon and hydrogen atoms
• How does the composition of crude oil affect its uses?

  Different compositions yield different products
• What is the significance of the boiling point in the context of crude oil fractions?

  It determines the separation and use of fractions
• What happens to the gas during the distillation process?

  It is collected for further use
• What is the relationship between chain length and boiling point in hydrocarbons?

  Longer chains have higher boiling points
• How does the separation of hydrocarbons impact the chemical industry?

  It allows for the production of various chemicals
• What is the purpose of a fractionating column?

  To separate different components of a mixture
• What happens to the liquid bit in a fractionating column?

  It is drained off at the bottom
• What does a temperature gradient in a column indicate?

  It is hotter at the bottom and cooler at the top
• How do longer hydrocarbons behave in a fractionating column?

  They have higher boiling points
• What happens to longer hydrocarbons in the column?

  They turn back into liquid and drain out early
• How do shorter hydrocarbons behave in a fractionating column?

  They have lower boiling points
• What happens to shorter hydrocarbons in the column?

  They turn to liquid and drain out later
• What is the result of the separation process in a fractionating column?

  Different fractions with varying boiling points
• What is the approximate number of carbon atoms in crude oil fractions?

  Ranges from 5 to over 70
• What is the use of gas from crude oil?

  Used in domestic heating and cooking
• What is petrol used for?

  Used as fuel in cars
• What is kerosene used for?

  Used as fuel in aircraft
• What is diesel oil used for?

  Used as fuel in some cars and larger vehicles
• What is fuel oil used for?

  Used as fuel for large ships and power stations
• What is bitumen used for?

  Used to surface roads and roofs
• What is the fraction of petrol in crude oil?

  Just a fraction of the total