Doc lalyn

• Identification


  A method of determination of individuality or recognition of a person
• Types of identification


  • Complete identification - the absolute fixation of individuality
  • Partial identification - ascertainment of only some facts of identity of a person while others remain unknown
• Personal


  Relating to or belonging to an individual
• Methods of identification


  • By comparison - identifying details or characteristics found at the crime scene compare to known records of the victim or suspect
  • By exclusion - elimination
• Importance of identification of a person

  • In the prosecution of criminal offense, the identity of the offender and that of the victim must be established; otherwise it will be a ground for the dismissal of the charge or acquittal of the accused
  • The identification of a person missing or presumed dead will facilitate settlement of the estate, retirement and other social benefits
  • Identification resolves the anxiety of the next of kin, other relatives and friends as to the whereabouts of a missing person or victim of calamity or criminal act
  • Identification may be needed in some transactions, like cashing of check, enterin a premise, delivery of parcels and others
• Rules to personal identification

  • Law of Multiplicity of Evidence - the greater the number of similarities or dissimilarities the greater the probability for the conclusion to be correct
  • The value of different points of identification varies in the formulation of conclusion
  • The longer the interval between the death and the examination of the remains for purposes of identification, the greater is the need for experts in establishing identity
  • Inasmuch as the object to be identified is highly perishable, it is necessary for the team to act in the shortest possible time especially in cases of mass disaster
  • There is no rigid rule to be observed in the procedure of idenfication of persons
• The main task of criminal investigator is to establish the identity of a suspect
• Numerous methods have been used for personal identification but the science of fingerprint identification stands out among all other forms
• Locating and preserving fingerprints is one of the most important responsibilities of crime scene specialist when processing the crime scene
• Forensic science


  The application of scientific knowledge to legal problems, use to assist courts to resolve disputes
• Criminalistics


  The application of the principles of various sciences in solving problems in connection with the administration of justice, the application of forensic science to criminal matters
• Hans Gross (1847-1915) was an Austrian criminalist who in 1891 first used the term criminalistics and described Search for Truth as the ultimate goal of all investigative and detective works
• Dr. Paul Kirk is the Father of Criminalistics in United States
• August Vollmer was the head of the first Comprehensive Crime Laboratory in United States
• Dr. Henry Faulds


  • a surgeon at Tokyo, Japan

  • his article on “The Skin Furrows of the Hand”

  points out his observation that chance prints left at

  the scene of the crime would provide for positive

  identification of offenders when apprehended

  • in 1880 he advocated the use of fingerprint in the

  detection of crimes

  • he wrote the English journal “Nature dealing with

  latent prints found at the scene of the crime”

  • he also wrote “A manual of Practical Dactylography”

  based on skin ridges of the fingers and toes
• Dactyloscopy


  The practical application of fingerprints (the making of identifications by fingerprint comparison and classification of fingerprints)
• Dactylography


  The scientific study of fingerprints as a means of identification
• Dactylomancy


  The study of fingerprints for purposes of interpreting one's personality (an attempt at character reading through the pattern of fingerprint)
• Polydactyl


  A hand having more than the required numbers of fingers
• Poroscopy


  The scientific examination of sweat pores (explored by Edmond Locard, 20-40 pores was sufficient for positive identification)
• Chiroscopy


  The scientific examination of the palm of the hand (utilized by William Herschel)
• Podoscopy


  The examination of the sole of the foot
• Ridgeoscopy


  The study of the ridges for the purpose of positive identification
• Edgeoscopy


  The study of the characteristics formed by the sides or edges of papillary ridges as a means of identification
• Dermatoglyphics


  The science which deals with the study of skin pattern. It is derived from two Greek words, Derma which means skin and Glype which means carve
• Fingerprints


  An impression design by the ridges on the inside of the last joint of the finger or thumb on any smooth surface through the media of an ink, sweat or any reagents capable of producing visibility
• Fingerprints


  • The distinctive ridge outline which appears on the bulb of fingers
• The greater the number of similarities or dissimilarities, the greater the probability for the conclusion to be correct
• Friction skin


  Epidermal hairless skin found on the ventral or lower surface of the hands and feet covered with minute ridges and furrows and without pigment or coloring matters
• Friction skin


  • Strips of skin on the inside of the end joints of our fingers and thumbs by which fingerprints are made
• Ridges


  Tiny elevation or hill-like structures found on the epidermis layer of the skin containing sweat pores. It appears as black lines with tiny white dots called pores in an inked impression
• Furrows


  Canal-like impression or a depression found between the ridges. They appear as white lines in an inked impression
• Sweat pores


  Small openings found anywhere across the ridge surface but usually near the center. They are sometimes called "islands" which color white in plain impression and are considered as individual as fingerprints
• Sweat duct


  Long, host-like structure that serves as the passageway for the sweat that exits at its mouth, the pores
• Sweat glands


  Glands found in the dermis layer of the skin which are responsible for the production of the sweat. They are also known as sudoriferous or sudoriparous glands, derived from the Latin word meaning sweat. They are used to regulate temperature and remove waste by secreting water, sodium salts, and nitrogenous waste on the skin surface
• Sweat glands


  • Eccrine glands (found in all parts of the body and are the only sweat glands found on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet), Apocrine glands (found in the pubic, mammary and anal areas), Sebaceous glands (located on the forehead, chest, back and abdomen with an oily secretion called "sebum")
• Epidermis


  The outer covering of the skin
• Dermis


  The inner layer of the skin containing blood vessels, various glands and nerves
• Dermal papillae


  Irregular blunt pegs composed of delicate connective tissues protruding and forming the ridges of the skin on the fingers, palms, toes and soles of feet. It does not contain coloring pigments (melanin)
• Terminal/Distal Phalange


  The particular bone that is covered with the friction skin having all the different types of pattern and located near the tip of the finger. It usually runs longitudinally along the length of the finger