AOS 3 UNIT 2 area 4

• classical conditioning 


  simple form of learning which occurs through repeated association of two different stimuli to produce a naturally occurring response
• neutral stimulus (NS)


  stimulus prior to conditioning that doesnt evoke a response
• unconditioned stimulus (UCS)


  stimulus which consistently produces a naturally occurring, automatic response
• unconditioned response (UCR)


  response which occurs automatically/ involuntarily when the UCS is presented
• conditioned stimulus (CS)


  stimulus that is neutral at start of conditioning process, does not normally produce the UCR, but through repeated association with the UCS it triggers the same response
• conditioned response (CR) 


  a learned behaviour which is similar to UCR, which is triggered by the CS after conditioning
• the three phase process

  • before conditioning, NS = no response
• three phase process

  1. before- NS = no response UCS = UCR 2. during- NS + UCS through repeated association = UCR 3. after- CS = CR
• operant conditioning 


  learning process by which likelihood of a particular behaviour occurring is determined by the consequences of that behaviour
• antecedent 


  stimulus that triggers an action (environment)
• behaviour 


  any action to environment
• consequence 


  makes behaviour more or less likely to occur again, guides or shapes the future
• positive reinforcement 


  response followed by a positive event/reward which increases the likelihood of response occurring again
• negative reinforcement 


  the removal, reduction or prevention of an unpleasant stimulus increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated
• positive punishment 


  response is followed by a negative undesirable experience/consequence which decreases likelihood of response occurring again
• negative punishment (response cost)


  when something desirable is removed to decrease likelihood of response occurring again
• observational learning 


  when someone uses observation of a models actions/consequences of those actions to guide their future actions
• model


  who or what is being observed live= real life person symbolic= real or fictional character
• ARRMR


  attention= learner must actively watch model retention= must remember a mental representation to use reproduction= mental +physical ability to perform behaviour motivation= desire to imitate/ reproduce behaviour reinforcement= influences motivation to reproduce behaviour and the likelihood of reproduction
• vicarious conditioning 


  individual watching models behaviour being either reinforced or punished, acting accordingly
• vicarious reinforcement 


  increases likelihood of observer behaving in a similar way to model whos behaviour is reinforced
• external reinforcement 


  comparable to learning by consequences
• self reinforcement 


  when we are reinforced by meeting certain standards of performance we set for ourselves
• multimodal 


  using a variety of methods
• country


  refers to the traditional lands of a particular language/cultural group, including the spiritual, emotional and physical connection to and within it.
• systems of knowledge 


  developed by communities working together sharing traditional expertise that's informed by culture, info that is highly connected