UTS

• Psychology


  The study of human behavior and mental processes
• 4 goals of psychology

  • Describe - what the person is doing
  • Explain - why is s/he doing that?
  • Predict - what is s/he going to do?
  • Modify - how can we change the behavior?
• Psychology is concerned with how individuals develop and mature at different life stages, concepts such as consciousness, memory, and reasoning, how the individual and his environment shape his personality, how we think, behave and feel in certain situations, and mental health and mental illnesses, character strengths, coping, happiness, and well-being
• William James is considered to be one of the most prolific psychologists and philosophers of the 20th century - a figure commonly known as 'the father of American psychology'
• 1. Self


  The thinking self, which could not be further divided, linked to the soul of a person or the mind
• Me-Self


  A separate object or individual a person refers to when describing their personal experiences
• Dimensions of the Me Self

  • Material Self - things that belong to us or that we belong to
  • Social Self - who we are in a given social situation
  • Spiritual Self - who we are at the core, our subjective and most intimate self
• Carl Rogers was a humanistic psychologist best known for his views on the therapeutic relationship and his theories of personality and self-actualization
• Self-Actualization


  The human organism's underlying "actualizing tendency" which aims to develop all capacities in ways that maintain or enhance the organism and move it toward autonomy
• Real Self


  What someone is in real life
• Ideal Self


  What someone wants to become in his life
• High congruence between real self and ideal self leads to a greater sense of self-worth and a healthy, productive life
• Unconditional positive regard from others, especially parents, is needed for people to develop a positive self-view and self-actualize
• Conditional positive regard from others forces people to develop an ideal self determined by others, contributing to incongruence and a greater gap between the real self and the ideal self
• Albert Bandura was an influential social cognitive psychologist known for his social learning theory, the concept of self-efficacy, human agency, and his famous Bobo doll experiments
• Human Agency


  The human capability to exert influence over one's functioning and the course of events by one's actions
• Core Properties of Human Agency

  • Intentionality - acts done intentionally with known outcomes
  • Forethoughts - ability to anticipate future outcomes
  • Self-reactiveness - making choices, motivating, and regulating appropriate courses of action
  • Self-reflectiveness - ability to reflect on one's thoughts and actions
• Sigmund Freud was the father of psychoanalysis and proposed that personality is composed of the id, the ego, and the superego
• Id


  The source of all psychic energy, driven by the pleasure principle to seek immediate gratification of desires
• Ego


  Develops from the id and operates based on the reality principle to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways, employing defense mechanisms
• Defense Mechanisms of the Ego

  • Repression
  • Denial
  • Projection
  • Displacement
  • Sublimation
  • Rationalization
• Sublimation


  Involves channeling socially unacceptable impulses or desires into socially acceptable activities or pursuits
• Rationalization


  Involves creating logical or plausible explanations to justify or excuse one's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors
• Undoing


  Involves engaging in behaviors or rituals aimed at canceling out or negating a previous unacceptable thought, feeling, or action
• Regression


  Involves reverting to earlier, more primitive stages of psychological development in response to stress or anxiety
• Regression


  • Displaying behaviors characteristic of an earlier stage of childhood development, such as temper tantrums or clinging to caregivers, speaking in baby talk, and seeking comfort objects, like a stuffed animal or blanket, that they had previously outgrown
• Superego


  Holds the internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from our parents and society (our sense of right and wrong)
• Conscience


  Includes information about things that are viewed as bad by parents and society. These behaviors are often forbidden and lead to bad consequences, punishments, or feelings of guilt and remorse
• Ego ideal


  Includes the rules and standards for behaviors that the ego aspires to
• Id during an argument with a partner


  Might impulsively want to retaliate with hurtful words or actions to assert dominance or alleviate frustration
• Ego during an argument with a partner

  Intervenes, recognizing the need to resolve the conflict constructively by communicating calmly and understanding the partner's perspective
• Superego during an argument with a partner

  Reinforces empathy and compassion, urging the individual to consider the impact of their words and actions on the relationship's well-being
• Id in financial decision-making


  May urge impulsive spending on luxuries or indulgences, driven by immediate desires for pleasure and gratification
• Ego in financial decision-making

  Evaluates the consequences of such spending in the context of financial responsibilities and long-term goals, balancing desires with practical considerations
• Superego in financial decision-making


  Encourages responsible financial behavior, advocating for savings, budgeting, and investment to secure future stability and ensure financial well-being for oneself and potentially others
• If the ego is able to adequately moderate between the demands of reality, the id, and the superego, a healthy and well-adjusted personality emerges
• If the ID were to dominate, the individual might act impulsively, seeking immediate gratification of desires without considering consequences or social norms
• An overly dominant ego might lead to excessive rationalization, suppression of emotions, or difficulty in expressing one's authentic desires
• If the Superego were to dominate, the individual might exhibit perfectionistic and judgemental tendencies, high levels of guilt and self-criticism, and a strong adherence to moral standards
• Traits


  Enduring dispositions that influence an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors across various situations and over time