CYTOGENETICS

• Messelson and Stahi provided the evidence on semi-conservative replication of DNA
• Holley, Neirenberg and Khorana interpreted the genetic code aand it's use in translation
• Watson and Crick elucidated the 3d structure of DNA
• Erwin Chargaff described the complementary base pairing that exists in DNA
• Frederick Griffith demonstrated the transformation in bacteria
• Walther Flemming coined the term mitosis and marked the birth of cyto genetics
• Karry Mullis invented the PCR technique
• Theodor Schwann postulated the cell theory
• Gregor Mendel provided the law of inheritance based on his experiments on pea plants
• Thomas Hunt Morgan produced the first genetic map in Drosophilia
• 5' end attacks the hydroxyl group of the existing nucleotide
• Phosphodiester bond links adjacent nucleotides
• 3' end where the incoming nucleotide attaches
• H-bond holds the complementary strands
• 3' end is extended by DNA polymerase
• Helicase seperates the parental strands
• Gyrase relieves stress brought by unwinding
• DNA polymerase adds nucleotide to growing chain
• Primase synthesizes the first few neucleotides
• Ligase repairs broken phosphodiester b'onds
• Frederick Griffith discovered Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria
• Pathogenic bacteria: S strain ( smooth due to capsule present)
• Harmless live bacteria: R strain ( rough due to absence of capsule)
• Transformation- change in phenotype
• Something in heat-killed bacteria could still transmit disease-causing properties
• DNA in the transforming principle. by Avery, McCarthy, and Macleod
• Dna is a genetic material
• Blender experiment by Hersey and Chase
• Hershey and Chase worked with bacteriophage
• Dna is a carrier of hereditary traits
• Hydrogens shown in blue cause the acidity of nucleic acids
• Nitrogenous bases are nonpolar, the reason for being inside the DNA structure
• Base pairing suggests that it will allow each side to serve as a template for new strand
• Replication - DNA replication yields two DNA molecules identical to the original one
• Transcription- The sequence of basic in DNA is recorded as a sequence of complementary bases in a single-stranded mRNA molecule
• Translation- Three-base codons on the mRNA corresponding to specific amino direct the sequence of building a protein.
• Alkaptonuria- Dark urine, Ear pigment, Eye: black scleral pigment, Joint ochronosis
• Genome- genetic complement of a cell or virus
• In eukaryotes: one complete haploid set of chromosomes, such as that found in a sperm or egg
• C-value- DNA content of haploid genome