learning approaches (behaviourist, social learning)

• Behaviourist approach


  Approach that focuses on observable behaviour and how it is learned through conditioning
• The behaviourist approach was first developed by researchers like Pavlov and Skinner
• Behaviourist approach


  • Focuses on observable behaviour that can be measured and studied
  • Believes that all behaviour is learned through classical or operant conditioning
• Classical conditioning


  1. Pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits a conditioned response

  2. Demonstrated by Pavlov's research with dogs
• Operant conditioning


  1. Learning through the consequences of behaviour, with reinforcement increasing the likelihood of a behaviour and punishment decreasing it

  2. Demonstrated by Skinner's research with rats and pigeons
• Behaviourists view humans and animals as 'blank slates' whose behaviour is shaped by their environment and experiences
• Behaviourists believe that all behaviour, including human thought and emotion, can be explained in terms of stimulus and response
• Social learning theory


  Approach that emphasizes how people learn through observing and imitating others
• Social learning theory


  • Agrees that behaviour is learned but proposes that it occurs through observation and imitation, not just direct conditioning
  • Recognizes the role of cognitive factors like attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation in learning
• Vicarious reinforcement


  Learning by observing the consequences of others' behaviour
• Identification


  Process where people, especially children, are more likely to imitate those they identify with as role models