applied anatomy and physiology

• Fibula


  A bone of the appendicular skeleton
• Figure 1.1.1 The bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton
• You may not be asked to directly label a picture of a skeleton, however, you will need to know the bones that articulate in key joints for human movement
• Synovial joints


  Crucial in sport and exercise as they allow free movement. They have common features but are designed differently to allow a range of motion on one or more planes of movement
• Common features of a synovial joint

  • Ligament
  • Synovial fluid
  • Articular cartilage
  • Joint capsule
  • Bursa
• Ligament


  A tough band of slightly elastic connective tissue that connects bone to bone and stabilises joints during movement
• Synovial fluid


  Lubricating liquid contained within the joint cavity that reduces friction and nourishes articular cartilage
• Articular cartilage


  Smooth tissue which covers the surface of articulating bones to absorb shock and allow friction-free movement
• Joint capsule


  A fibrous sac with an inner synovial membrane that encloses and strengthens the joint, secreting synovial fluid
• Bursa


  A closed, fluid-filled sac found where tendons rub over bones, reducing friction
• Joint


  An area of the body where two or more bones articulate to create human movement
• Ligament


  A tough band of fibrous, slightly elastic connective tissue that attaches bone to bone
• Plane of movement


  The description of three-dimensional movements at a joint
• Movement patterns


  A description of the actions taking place at a joint-for example, flexion and extension of the elbow joint
• Figure 1.12 Synovial joint at the hip
• Taking part in your sport will use a range of synovial joints. They all have common features, such as synovial fluid and articular cartilage. Consider the specific role each feature plays for lifelong participation in your sport
• The joint type and size and shape of articulating bones will allow a specific range of motion at a joint: from the large range of motion possible at the ball and socket joint of the shoulder to the limited range of motion at the hinge joint of the ankle
• Sagittal plane


  Lies vertically, divides the body into left and right parts from the medial (midline) to the lateral (outside)
• Frontal plane


  Lies vertically, divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
• Transverse plane


  Lies horizontally, divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
• Flexion


  Movement which decreases the joint angle, usually to the front of the body
• Extension


  Movement which increases the joint angle, usually to the back of the body
• Dorsi-flexion


  Movement at the ankle joint as the toes move up
• Plantar flexion


  Movement at the ankle joint as the toes move down
• Abduction


  Movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body
• Adduction


  Movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body
• Horizontal extension


  Movement of the limbs away from the midline of the body parallel to the ground
• Horizontal flexion


  Movement of the limbs towards the midline of the body parallel to the ground
• Rotation


  Movement whereby articulating bones turn about their longitudinal axis in a screwdriver action
• Overview of joint type and movement patterns possible

  • Ball and socket (shoulder, hip): Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, horizontal flexion, horizontal extension, medial and lateral rotation
  • Hinge (elbow, knee, ankle): Flexion, extension, dorsi-flexion, plantar flexion
  • Condyloid (wrist): Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
• Muscular system


  The primary function is to create movement
• Muscles


  • Can exert tremendous power while constantly making small adjustments for balance, whether our body is in rest or in motion
  • Every sporting action performed requires the co-ordination of skeletal muscles to contract, creating a pull force bringing two body parts closer together
• Muscle


  • Composed of many fibres encased in connective tissue forming tendons at either end
  • Tendons attach muscles to bone and transmit the pull force created by the muscle to move the bones they are attached to
• Origin


  The point of muscular attachment to a stationary bone which stays relatively fixed during muscular contraction
• Insertion


  The point of muscular attachment to a moveable bone which gets closer to the origin during muscular contraction
• Agonist


  A muscle responsible for creating movement at a joint. Also known as the prime mover
• Antagonist


  A muscle that opposes the agonist providing a resistance for co-ordinated movement
• Fixator


  A muscle that stabilises one part of a body while another causes movement
• Antagonistic muscle action


  Paired muscle action. As the agonist muscle shortens to create movement, the antagonist lengthens to co-ordinate the action
• Common antagonistic muscle pairings

  • Flexion (wrist): Wrist flexors, Triceps brachii
  • Flexion (elbow): Biceps brachii, Triceps brachii
  • Flexion (shoulder): Anterior deltoid, Posterior deltoid
  • Flexion (hip): Iliopsoas, Gluteus maximus
  • Flexion (knee): Quadriceps, Biceps femoris (hamstring group)
  • Dorsi-flexion (ankle): Tibialis anterior, Gastrocnemius and soleus