CLINICAL MIDTERMS

• Clinical psychology


  The psychological specialty that provides continuing and comprehensive mental and behavioral health care for individuals and families; consultation to agencies and communities; training, education and supervision; and research-based practice
• Clinical psychology is broadly inclusive of severe psychopathology and marked by comprehensiveness and integration of knowledge and skill from a broad array of disciplines within and outside of psychology proper
• Scope of clinical psychology

  • All ages
  • Multiple diversities
  • Varied systems
  • Advanced scientific and theoretical knowledge germane to the specialty
  • Understanding of psychopathology and diagnostic/intervention considerations
  • Mental health issues across the lifespan based on a solid understanding of psychopathology
• Procedures in clinical psychology

  • Assessment: diagnostic interviewing, behavioral assessment, administration and interpretation of psychological test measures
  • Intervention (primary, secondary and tertiary levels): clinical services to individuals, families and groups
  • Consultation: inter- and intra-professional practice with other health and behavioral health professionals and organizations
  • Research: engagement with specific research and critical review of science, knowledge and methods pertaining to clinical psychology
• To be a Licensed Psychologist in the Philippines, a graduate of MA in Psychology needs to pass the Licensure Examination for Psychologist
• In the US, clinical psychologists require doctoral-level degrees and typically complete about 3,000 hours of supervised clinical work and pass a professional practice exam
• Scientist-practitioner model


  Trained professional psychologists should be knowledgeable in both research and clinical practice. Emphasis should be placed on the successful integration of science and practice
• Assumptions of the scientist-practitioner model

  • Professionals with knowledge and skills related to research will facilitate effective psychological services
  • Research is imperative to the development of a scientific database
  • Direct involvement in clinical practice by researchers will result in studies on important social issues
• A clinical psychologist has spent all of his/her study focusing on psychology and clinical psychology
• A psychiatrist has studied medicine first, then gone on to a further four years of study and work with mental illness
• Psychologists only use therapies based on talking or doing things, whereas psychiatrists will sometimes use medication to help in treatment
• Clinical psychologists do not currently prescribe drugs but most will have a good understanding of relevant medicines and will be able to identify when you should consult your doctor for medical help
• Psychiatry


  A medical specialty that deals with mental illness. Psychiatrists have to undertake a basic medical degree and then complete advanced training in their particular area of specialty
• Psychotherapy


  A way to help people with a broad variety of mental illnesses and emotional difficulties. Psychotherapy can help eliminate or control troubling symptoms so a person can function better and can increase well-being and healing
• Counselling


  Focuses on helping people resolve problems or role issues related to work or school or family matters. Concerned with "normal" problems rather than mental health problems. Concerned with role functioning, with choices to be made, and with actions to be taken. More concerned with present events than with past events
• In the Philippines, Republic Act No. 9258 professionalizes the practice of guidance and counseling and creates a Professional Regulatory Board of Guidance and Counseling
• Coaching


  Primarily aims to help "healthy" clients utilize their abilities more effectively than they have previously. Usually used in business settings to help persons achieve personal and business goals
• Professions


  • Psychologist (Degree: MA, PhD, PsyD, EdD. Training: Graduate courses in human behavior, development, personality, research, statistics, psychotherapy, assessment, ethics. Can prescribe medications in certain states with additional training)
  • Psychiatrist (Degree: MD, DO. Training: Medical school with broad focus on biological functioning followed by specialized residency about mental illness and its treatment, with a focus on medications. Can prescribe medications)
  • Social Worker (Degree: MSW, LCSW. Training: Graduate courses on human behavior, psychotherapy, community resources. Can not prescribe medications)
• The first known use of the term clinical psychology was in a 1907 article by Lightner Witmer
• Witmer founded the first psychology clinic in 1896 at the University of Pennsylvania and was one of the first to advocate the use of psychology in order to help people rather than only to carry out research
• The fields of abnormal psychology and psychotherapy had a much more ancient origin, with roots tracing back to the medical writings attributed to Hippocrates dating from the fifth century BCE
• The involvement of psychologists in the study of psychopathology and its treatment had to wait until the late nineteenth century, when a formal discipline of psychology developed
• Clinical psychology also had significant roots in psychoanalysis, with psychoanalysts who were professional psychologists including Otto Rank, Theodore Reik, and many others
• The American Psychoanalytic Association wished to restrict the practice of psychoanalysis to medical doctors, which created a complication in the relationship between clinical psychology and psychoanalysis
• A woman with multiple personalities
• He established the Journal of Abnormal Psychology in 1906, and he founded the Harvard Psychological Clinic in 1926
• The Boston school of abnormal psychology and psychotherapy was active in the 1890s and at the turn of the century, though it tended to be absorbed by the psychoanalytic movement after the first decade of the new century
• Clinical psychology also had significant roots in psychoanalysis. The two fields have shared a century-long history and have a continuing relationship
• Breuer and Freud published the book that established psychoanalysis, Studies in Hysteria, in 1895
• From the beginning, Freud expressed the wish that psychoanalysis not be simply a medical specialty and was willing to train analysts with various backgrounds, including psychology
• The psychoanalysts who were professional psychologists included Otto Rank, Theodore Reik, and many others
• The American Psychoanalytic Association wished to restrict the practice of psychoanalysis and especially access to its training programs to psychiatrists only
• For many years psychologists in the United States who wanted to be trained and supervised in psychoanalysis had to achieve this in irregular or devious ways
• This restrictive policy was not overcome until four clinical psychologists led by Bryant L. Welch sued the American Psychoanalytic Association for antitrust violations and won an out-of-court settlement in the 1980s
• Alfred Binet


  Co-developer of the first valid intelligence test
• Binet & Simon's test significantly distinguished children with mental retardation from their typically developing peers, and various versions of it have been in continuous clinical use ever since that time
• Lewis M. Terman


  Standardized Binet's test and published norms for it using sizable groups of children of different ages
• Terman demonstrated the long-term reliability of this test and its predictive utility not only in relation to academic performance but also other life achievements
• Jean W. Macfarlane of the University of California at Berkeley had the wisdom to convert a flawed study of the effects of clinical guidance of children into a life-span study of development within the general population
• Carl R. Rogers in the 1940s helped move the field of clinical psychology from an overly exclusive preoccupation with mental testing toward a more balanced emphasis on psychotherapeutic intervention as well