nucleophilic substitution

• what is a nucleophile?

  reactant that attacks an electron deficient carbon atom

  donates its electron pair
• what is a substitution reaction?

  group of atoms os replaced with a different group of atoms
• why are halogenoalkanes susceptible to attack?

  C-X is polar
• what are the nucleophiles and products in the nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes?

  OH- - forms an alcohol

  CN- - forms nitrile

  NH3 - forms amine
• what is the overall equation for nucleophilic substitution (OH-)?

  CH3CH2Br + NaOH --> CH3CH2OH + NaBr
• what are the conditions for nucleophilic substitution (OH-)?

  1. aqueous NaOH
  2. OH- acts as nucleophile
  3. produces alcohol
• what is the overall equation for nucleophilic substitution (CN-)?

  CH3Br + KCN --> CH3CN +KBr
• what are the conditions for nucleophilic substitution (CN-)?

  1. warm, aqueous, alcoholic KCN
  2. CN- acts as nucleophile
  3. produces nitrile
• what is the overall equation for nucleophilic substitution (NH3)?

  CH3CH2Br + 2NH3 --> CH3CH2NH2 + NH4Br
• what are the conditions for nucleophilic substitution (NH3)?

  1. ethnic NH3
  2. NH3 as nucleophile
  3. produces amine