(2)

• Quality control


  Predetermining standards and specifications to ensure successful quality control
• Exercising control over production operations


  The technical expert of the Quality Control Department must investigate the operating methods to execute efficient practices
• Locating inspection points


  Inspection of raw material at vendors place, then at company's plant, then at various stages during process
• Maintaining quality of equipment


  The final quality of the products is conditioned by the quality of the equipment and other devices used
• Maintaining records


  The QC department is responsible for setting records related to quality inspection and control and the number rejected
• Advantages of quality control

  • Improvement of the quality of production and reduction in the production cost
  • Uniformity in the production and supply of standard quality goods to consumers
  • Offering full return of the price paid by the consumers and giving convenience and satisfaction to consumers
  • Reduction in spoiled production and rejection from consumers and dealers
  • Promotion of exports due to superior and standard quality production
  • Reduction in inspection cost
  • Making products popular in market
• Costs of quality


  • Market research cost of discovering quality needs of customer
  • Product research and development cost of creating a product concept, which will meet quality needs
  • The design cost of transmitting product concept into information which represents planning for manufacturer
  • Cost of inspection and test
  • Cost of defect prevention
  • Cost of quality assurance
  • Cost of scrap and quality failure
• Types of quality costs

  • Cost of prevention
  • Cost of appraisal
  • Cost of internal failures
  • Cost of external failures
• Cost of prevention


  Costs associated with designing, implementing, maintaining the quality system
• Cost of appraisal


  The cost of evaluating quality and of identifying and segregating non-conforming part and assemblies
• Cost of internal failure


  Costs associated with defective products, components, materials that fail to meet quality requirements and results in manufacturing losses
• Cost of external failure


  Costs because of defective products being shifted to the customer
• Total Quality Management (TQM)


  A process designed to focus on customer expectations, preventing problems, building commitment to quality in the workforce and promoting open decision-making
• Elements of TQM


  • Focus on customer expectations
  • Employee's involvement
  • Mastery of the processes
  • Teamwork
• Principles of TQM


  • Stress on quality management
  • Continuous process
  • Stress on quality assurance system
  • Linkage of quality and productivity
  • TQM is a gradual process
  • Focus on customers
  • Employee involvement
  • Formation of quality improvement teams
  • Management's involvement
• Advantages of TQM


  • Customer satisfaction
  • Quality improvement
  • Absence of additional investment
  • Raises competitiveness
  • Facilitates expansion and diversification
  • Provides trained and motivated employees
  • Long-term consumer support
  • Prestigious position in international marketing
  • High standard of living to employees
  • Cost control
• Quality Circle


  A small group of volunteers doing similar work who meet regularly under the leadership of their immediate supervisor to identify problems, set priorities, discover causes, and propose solutions
• Concept of Quality Circle


  • QC is a form of participative management
  • QC is a human resource development technique
  • QC is a problem solving technique
• Objectives of Quality Circle

  • To improve quality and productivity
  • To reduce cost of products/services
  • To identify and solve problems
  • To tap intelligence of workers
  • To develop and motivate employees
  • To improve communication within organization
  • To increase employees loyalty and commitment
  • To respect humanity and make work place happy
  • To enrich human capability, confidence, moral, attitude and relationships
  • To satisfy human needs
• Advantages of Quality Circle

  • Promote productivity and quality mindedness
  • Development of employees
  • Creating team spirit and unity of action
  • Increased motivation, job satisfaction and pride in work
  • Reduced absenteeism and labor turnover
  • Developing sense of belongingness towards organization
  • Waste reduction
  • Cost reduction
  • Improved communication
  • Safety improvement
  • Increased human resource potential
  • Increased consciousness and moral of employees
  • Leadership development
  • Trained staff