III. A - Plant Cells and Tissues

• Types of meristems

  1. Root apical meristem
  2. Shoot apical meristem
• Cell types

  1. Parenchyma - thin, uniform primary cell, blue, alive at maturity
  2. Sclerenchyma - thick secondary cell wall, contains lignin, dead at maturity
  3. Collenchyma - unevenly thick primary cell wall, contains pectin, alive at maturity
• Types of parenchyma (type - distinct feature - function)

  1. Aerenchyma - airspaces - gas exchange
  2. Chlorenchyma - chlorophyll - photosynthesis
  3. Storage - starch grains - storage
  4. Secretory - vesicles - substance transport
• Types of collenchyma (type - distinct feature - function)

  1. Angular - angular wall thickening - structure
• Types of sclerenchyma (type - distinct feature - function)

  1. Fibers - long - flexibility
  2. Sclereid - lumen and pit canal - mechanical support
• Apical meristem features

  1. Isodiametric
  2. Thin cell wall
  3. High nucleus to cytoplasmic ratio
  4. Nucleus central
• Root tip anatomy

  1. Root cap - protects RAM
  2. RAM
  3. Ground meristem
  4. Procambium - middle line located inside the protoderm
  5. Protoderm - under the epidermis
  6. Vascular cylinder
  7. Epidermis - prevents excess water intake
  8. Root hair - above the epidermis
• Monocot shoot tip anatomy

  1. Procambium - line in the protoderm
  2. Protoderm - around the procambium
  3. Leaf primordium - forms into new leaves
  4. Shoot apical meristem
  5. Ground meristem - below the SAM
  6. Axillary bud
• Dicot shoot tip anatomy

  1. Trichome
  2. Protoderm
  3. Procambium
  4. Leaf primordium - around the SAM/AM
  5. Apical meristem
  6. Axillary bud
  7. Ground meristem
• Epidermis types

  1. Uniseriate
  2. Multiseriate - velamen - prevents water loss, gas echange, absorbs nutrients and substances
• Epidermal derivatives (derivative - location - functio/contains)

  1. Root hairs - increases surface area for water absorption
  2. Trichomes - prevents excess sunlight and water loss, and defense
  3. Stomal complex - leaf - guard cells & accessory cells
• Trichome specimens (type - function)

  1. Simple - defense and prevents water loss
  2. Branching - defense and prevents water loss
  3. Glandular - defense
  4. Scale - prevents water loss and excess sunlight
  5. Stellate - prevents water loss and excess sunlight
  6. Stinging - defense
• Types of ground tissues (tissue - location)

  1. Cortex - multiple layers
  2. Pith - innermost region
  3. Mesophyll - ground tissue in leaves
• Vascular tissue types (types - description - function)

  1. Sieve tube member/element - carbohydrate transport
  2. Sieve cell - gymnosperm equivalent for sieve tube member
  3. Companion cell - nucleated at maturity; nutritional support
  4. Albuminous cell - gymnosperm equivalent for companion
  5. Parenchyma
  6. Fibers
  7. Xylem - contains tracheids and/or vessels
  8. Phloem - non-uniform size in angiosperm | uniform size in gymnosperm
• Secondary cell wall thickening relationship

  1. Less secondary cell wall - elongation growth
  2. More secondary cell wall - stronger structure
• Secondary cell wall patterns

  1. Annular - circle
  2. Helical - spiral
  3. Scalariform - ladder-like
  4. Reticulate - complex
  5. Simple-pitted - dots
  6. Bordered-pitted - dots with circles