culture and identity

• What does culture refer to?

  A way of life for a society
• What does cultural diversity signify?

  Differences between cultures within a society
• What is multiculturalism?

  Acknowledgment and celebration of cultural differences
• What does socialisation mean?

  Learning a culture's norms and values
• What is a subculture?

  • A smaller group with distinct norms and values
  • Examples: Goths, Emos, Chavs
  • Often seen as a culture within a culture
• How do post-modernists view subcultures?

  They discuss 'neo-tribes' based on interests
• What is mass culture?

  Culture shared by the majority through media
• What do neo-Marxists say about mass culture?

  It emerged from industrialisation and media
• What does Simmel argue about folk culture?

  It has been replaced by mass culture
• What is folk culture?

  Culture created by local communities
• What is high culture?

  Cultural practices considered superior
• Who primarily engages with high culture?

  Upper-class and middle-class elites
• How has technology affected high culture?

  It has made high culture accessible to all
• What is low culture?

  Culture enjoyed by the masses
• What is global culture?

  A culture influenced by globalization
• What is dominant culture?

  The main culture accepted by most people
• What does social construction mean?

  Beliefs produced by society, not nature
• What is anomie?

  Unclear norms and values in society
• What is consensus theory?

  Society is based on shared norms and values
• What is social cohesion?

  Individuals united by shared ideas and values
• What role does culture play in social cohesion?

  It promotes unity through socialisation
• How did Durkheim compare pre-industrial and modern societies?

  Pre-industrial societies had less individual identity
• What do Marxists believe about culture?

  It serves the interests of the ruling class
• What do feminists argue about culture?

  It reflects patriarchal interests in society
• What do interpretivists say about functionalism?

  Functionalists overstate institutions' influence
• What do postmodernists argue about culture?

  Culture is diverse and not singular
• What are norms?

  Expected forms of behavior in society
• How are norms and values transmitted?

  Through social institutions like family and education
• What is the consensus about norms and values?

  Members of society agree on behavior
• What does the Ideological State Apparatus refer to?

  A social institution passing on dominant ideology
• What is cultural capital?

  Knowledge and skills that benefit the ruling class
• What is commodity fetishism?

  False needs created by mass culture
• What does hegemony refer to?

  Acceptance of dominant ideology by society
• What do functionalists believe about culture?

  There is a unifying culture benefiting all
• What do feminists argue about the dominant culture?

  It benefits men and reflects patriarchal control
• What do interpretivists say about culture?

  People actively shape culture through interactions
• What do postmodernists believe about cultural superiority?

  No culture is superior to another
• What is micro sociology?

  Focus on small-scale social interactions
• How does interactionism view culture?

  Culture is shaped by interactions, not structures
• What are roles in sociology?

  Parts individuals play in social situations