Topic 5 - crime prevention

• What was the aim of Newman's study in New York regarding crime prevention?

  Investigate two projects
• Newman's method was a quasi experiment using an independent measures design, where the IV was either BV or VD
• Crime rates and vandalism were higher in Van Dyke than in Brownsville.
• What was found in Gainesville regarding the Community-Oriented Policing System (COPS)?

  Unified surveillance opportunity
• In Gainesville, older female residents felt recognized and invaluable
• Residents in Brownsville were more likely to engage in social duty outdoors than those in Van Dyke.
• In 1969, where did Zimbardo abandon two similar cars in his experiment?

  Palma and Palo Alto
• Steps of Zimbardo's car abandonment experiment in Palo Alto

  1️⃣ Car abandoned with open bonnet

  2️⃣ No damage after a week

  3️⃣ Zimbardo smashed the car

  4️⃣ No further damage occurred
• What happened to the car abandoned in Palma, California, after three days?

  All valuable parts stolen
• In 1982, Wilson and Kelling proposed the broken windows theory, which is a situational explanation of crime
• The broken windows theory suggests that crime occurs because visible disorder signals a lack of authority.
• What are the two types of disorder identified by Wilson and Kelling?

  Physical and social
• Match the concept from the broken windows theory with its effect:

  Crime increases ↔️ People flee

  Fear becomes real ↔️ Less likely to move

  Stable homes ↔️ Engaged communities
• Sousa and Kelling's annual report in 1989-1993 showed a significant decrease in violent crime in New York City after the broken windows theory was implemented
• Sousa and Kelling found that the broken windows theory had no impact on larceny rates.
• What do Harcourt and Ludwig suggest as the primary cause of reduced crime rates in the 1980s?

  Reduced crack use
• Match the key concepts with their descriptions from Wilson and Kelling's study:

  Fear of crime ↔️ Reduced by police presence

  Disorderly behavior ↔️ Increases serious crime risk
• What type of observation did Wilson and Kelling use in their study of police roles and order maintenance?

  Naturalistic participant observation
• After five years of Wilson and Kelling's study, no decrease in crime was found.
• What did residents report feeling more confident to do with the presence of police in their communities?

  Report disorders
• Increased police presence can break the cycle of re-offending and make communities safer.
• Newman's concept of creating accessible spaces in large public areas aims to decrease criminal movement.
• What is the primary goal of neighborhood watch schemes according to Newman?

  Maintain defensible spaces
• CCTV can deter criminal behavior and provide evidence for investigations.