Atomic Stucture

• physical properties: numerical or non numberical.

  Ex. melting/boiling point, colour, transparency, mass
• chemical properties: how something reacts
• sublimation is the state change from solid to gas
• deposition in the state change from gas to solid
• the periods tell you the number of energy levels
• the group number tells how many valence electrons
• transition metals are multi-valent
• Lanthanide series has six energy levels
• actinide series has 7 energy levels
• characteristics of metals

  • solid (except Hg)
  • electron donors
  • form cations
  • malleable
  • ductile
  • excellent conductors of heat and electricity
  • mostly lustrous
  • high melting/boiling points
• Characteristics of non-metals

  • mostly gases
  • includes unreactive gases and HOBRFINCL
  • dull
  • brittle when solid
  • low melting/boiling points
  • Non-conductors
  • electron acceptors
  • Form anions
  • can form covalent bonds
• characteristics of metalloids

  • unique
  • brittle but shiny solids
  • semi-conductors
• Characteristics of Alkali Metals

  • very reactive (increased down the period)
  • pure forms dont exist in nature
  • form ionic compounds
  • 1 valence electron
  • react well with group 7 elements
  • form 1+ cations
• Characteristics of Alkaline earth metals

  • group 2
  • second most reactive
  • form 2+ cations
  • react well with group 6 elements
  • commonly form oxides
• Characteristics of Halogens

  • forms 1- anions
  • accepts 1 electron
• Charcateristics of Noble gases

  • uncreative
  • 8 valence (stable octet)
  • commonly used in neon signs
• atomic mass of a 50/50 split between protons and neutrons
• protons are specific to each element, like DNA
• elements can have different amounts of neutrons, these are called isotopes and are why the atomic mass is not a whole number: it is an adverage
• Isotypes have the same valence wheel arrangement and chemical properties but have different physical properties like mass, density and melting point
• A mass spectrometer iodizes a gaseous sample of an element using an electron gun and measures the deflection of the resulting ions Based on their mass/charge ratio
• an atom is an uncharged particle while an ion is a charged particle