Module 1 - Introduction

• Plane Surveying is the type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered as a plane, or in which its spheroidal shape is neglected, with regard to horizontal distances and directions.
• Geodetic Surveying is the type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the earth. These surveys are of high precision and extend over large areas.
• Astronomical surveys - generally involve imaging or "mapping" of regions of the sky.
• Boundary Survey - are made to determine the length and direction of land lines and to establish the position of these lines on the ground.
• Cadastral surveys – are that uses or generates cadastral evidence to produce an outcome whose primary purpose is boundary determination. The products of a boundary determination can be plans, certificates or digital data.
• Control Survey - made to establish the horizontal and vertical positions of arbitrary points.
• Construction surveys – are made to stake out reference points and markers that will guide the construction of new structures such as roads or buildings. These markers are usually staked out according to a suitable coordinate system selected for the project.
• Forestry Survey - a type of survey executed in connection with forest management and mensuration, and the production and conservation of forest lands.
• GPS Surveys - used to determine accurate coordinates for survey points. Baseline measurements achieve this by recording ___ observations over time, and then processing that data to provide the most accurate result. The technique works by using two ___ receivers.
• Hydrographic Survey - survey of bodies of water made for the purpose of navigation, water supply, or sub-aqueous construction.
• Industrial Surveys - refers to the use of surveying techniques in ship building, construction and assembly of aircraft, laying out and installation of heavy and complex machinery, and in other industries where very accurate dimensional layouts are required.
• Mining Survey - are to control, locate and map underground and surface works related to mining operations.
• Photogrammetric Survey - made to utilize the principles of aerial __, in which measurements made on photographs are used to determine the positions of photographed objects.
• Route Survey - refers to those control, topographic, and construction surveys necessary for the location and construction of highways, railroads, canals, transmission lines, and pipelines.
• Topographic Survey - made to gather data to produce a __ map showing the configuration of the terrain and the location of natural and man-made objects.
• Meter


  A length equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red light produced by burning the element krypton, with atomic weight of 86 at a specified level in the spectrum
• The SI unit for plane angles is the radian
• 2π = 360 degrees
• Sexagesimal units of angular measurements

  • Degrees
  • Minute
  • Second
• Centesimal units

  • Circumference of a circle is divided into 400 grads
  • Grad is divided into 100 centesimal minutes
  • Minute is divided into 100 centesimal seconds
• Pacing - is the simplest and easiest method for measuring distance. It is the process of walking the distance and counting the number of steps "paces" to cover the distance. The distance is determined by multiplying the number of steps taken between two points by one's pace factor
• Taping - is the linear measurement of the horizontal distance between two points using a surveyor’s tape. Observation of horizontal distances by taping consists of applying the known length of a graduated tape directly to line a number of times.
• Odometer - is a distance measuring device from one point to another by using a vehicle, such as a bicycle or a car. Most odometers work by counting wheel rotations and assume that the distance traveled is the number of wheel rotations times the tire circumference
• Tacheometry - It is defined as a procedure of obtaining horizontal distances and difference in elevation based on the on the optical geometry of the instrument. This is done with the help of two special type of instruments- transit theodolite and stadia rod. 

   
• Stadia method - of surveying the distances are determined by noting the interval on a graduated rod intercepted by two parallel cross hairs (stadia hairs, or stadia wires) mounted in the telescope of a surveying instrument, the rod being placed at one end of the distance to be measured and the surveying instrument at the other.
• Distance by Photogrammetry / Aerial Photography - a type of survey which makes use of photographs taken with specially designed cameras either from an airplane or ground stations.  
• 4.24 Light Years away is the distance of the nearest star to the Earth.
• Direct measurements - is obtaining the measurement directly which means measuring the length directly using simple equipment and there is no need to solve hard equations.
• Indirect measurements - in this type of measurement, the observed value is determined by its relationship to some other known values.
• City Surveys - are surveys involving the construction and development of towns including roads, drainage, water supply, sewage street network, etc, 
• Engr. Dolphy F Fadriquela - Name of the Professor
• How many degrees in 1 grads? 0.9 degrees
• How many decimeters in 1 meter?

  10
• Plane Surveying is a classification of surveying that do not consider the true shape of the earth. These surveys are of limited extent.
• In the Centesimal system, the circumference of a circle is divided into how many grads?

  400
• Cadastral Survey is the survey of all lands within the jurisdiction of a municipality.