MICROPARA

• Microbiology


  The study of organisms and agents too small to be seen clearly by the unaided eye—that is, the study of microorganisms
• Bacteria


  • One of the biggest biomes on the planet
• Microbes


  Benign or beneficial roles
• What do microbes do?

  • A 2011 study found that people with a high diversity of microbes on their skin were less attractive to mosquitoes
• Penicillin


  Discovered by Alexander Fleming
• In digestion


  1. Break down some substances in food that cannot be digested

  2. Production of milk and dairy products
• Staphylococcus Aureus


  • Causes pneumonia, flesh eating disease
  • Medium antibiotic resistance
  • Dangerous
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: 'Whenever I found something remarkable, I have thought it is my duty to put down my discover on paper, so that all ingenious people be informed thereof'
• Even before microorganisms were seen, some investigators suspected their existence and responsibility for disease
• Lucretius


  Roman philosopher (about 98–55 B.C.)
• Girolamo Fracastoro


  (1478 – 1553) suggested that disease was caused by invisible living creatures
• Francesco Stelluti


  Earliest microscopic observations appear to have been made between 1625 and 1630 on bees and weevils using a microscope probably supplied by Galileo
• Robert Hooke


  1665; first drawing of a microorganism in Micrographia
• Antony van Leeuwenhoek


  First to publish extensive, accurate observations of microorganisms; Delft, The Netherlands
• As important as Leeuwenhoek's observations were, the development of microbiology essentially languished for the next 200 years
• Little progress was made primarily because microscopic observations of microorganisms do not provide sufficient information to understand their biology
• For the discipline to develop, techniques for isolating and culturing microbes in the laboratory were needed
• Theory of Spontaneous Generation


  Living organisms could develop from nonliving matter
• Francesco Redi


  Decaying meat and its ability to produce maggots spontaneously
• Francesco Redi's experiment


  1. Uncovered-developed maggots

  2. Paper-did not produce maggots

  3. Fine gauze-flies were attracted and laid eggs that produce maggots
• Lazzaro Spallanzani


  Italian priest and naturalist; Improved on Needham's experimental design by first sealing glass flasks that contained water and seeds
• Boiling could definitely get rid / prevents the growth
• Louis Pasteur


  19th Century French scientist who officially disproved spontaneous generation (thanks to germ theory)
• John Tyndall


  1877 by demonstrating that dust did indeed carry germs and that if dust was absent, broth remained sterile even if directly exposed to air
• Biogenesis is now the accepted idea
• Golden Age of Microbiology


  Pasteur's work with swan neck flasks ushered in the Golden Age of Microbiology
• Within 60 years (1857–1914), a number of disease-causing microbes were discovered
• Understanding microbial metabolism were made, and techniques for isolating and characterizing microbes were improved
• Robert Koch


  First direct demonstration of the role of bacteria in causing disease came from the study of anthrax
• Koch's postulates


  Proving the causal relationship between a microorganism and a specific disease
• Pure Culture


  Culture containing only one type of microorganism
• At first Koch cultured bacteria on the sterile surfaces of cut, boiled potatoes, but this was unsatisfactory because the bacteria would not always grow well
• Eventually he developed culture media using meat extracts and protein digests because of their similarity to body fluids
• Fannie Eilshemius Hesse


  Wife of Walter Hesse, Koch's assistant; use of agar as a solidifying agent
• Some of the media developed by Koch and his associates, such as nutrient broth and nutrient agar
• Richard Petri


  Container for holding solidified media – petri dish (plate)
• Pierre Paul Emile Roux

  Chicken cholera; incubating their cultures for long intervals between transfers would attenuate the bacteria, which meant they had lost their ability to cause the disease
• Vaccine development


  1. Injected chickens with attenuated cultures = healthy; resist the disease

  2. Attenuated culture in honor of Edward Jenner – cowpox lesions to protect people against smallpox

  3. Rabies vaccine - pathogen was attenuated by growing it in an abnormal host, the rabbit
• Joseph Meister


  9 y/o bitten by rabid dog; 13 times over the next 10 days
• Emil von Behring


  (1854–1917) and Shibasaburo Kitasato (1852–1931) - injected inactivated toxin into rabbits, inducing them to produce an antitoxin