stuff im not sure about

• Ethics


  The moral principals and codes of behaviour that apply to all psychologists, regardless of the field they work in
• Ethics committee


  Made up of academics and professionals with an understanding of the impact of research on an individuals health and wellbeing
• Protection from harm


  Researchers must protect the physical and psychological wellbeing of participants, following ethical guidelines can help accomplish this
• Beneficence


  Where research is considered through the scope of maximising the benefits to society while minimising harm to others
• Non-maleficence


  Involves avoiding causing any kind of harm at all
• Respect


  The consideration of an individuals welfare, but also through the appreciation of their own uniqueness, autonomy and freedom of expression
• Justice


  Ensures the fair treatment for all, from selection through to result collection
• Integrity


  Involves the researchers commitment to the honest conduction and reporting of research, also relies upon scrutiny of the research and of its procedures so that the knowledge and understanding gained through research can be trusted in its broader application
• Voluntary participation


  A participant decides to take part in an experiment and must not experience any pressure or coercion to participate, nor be threatened with negative consequences if they decide not to participate
• Informed consent


  Must obtain written permission from each participant in a study and have been given all necessary information
• Withdrawal rights


  The right of the participant to cease participation in a study at any time without negative consequences or pressure to continue
• Confidentiality


  A participants right to privacy with regard to access, storage, and disposal of information collected about them that is related to the research
• Deception


  Should not occur unless it is necessary, it is used in some cases where giving participants information about an experiment beforehand might influence their behaviour in the experiment and thus affect the accuracy of the results
• Debriefing


  Informing the participant of the studies true purpose once the experiment has ended to the person is no longer deceived, it also corrects any negative thoughts or learnt behaviour taught by the study that if they were addressed during the study it would affect the results
• Replacement


  Is it possible for alternative methods to be used that eliminate the need for animals in the study?
• Reduction


  Can more information be collected from the number of animals planned for research, or better yet, are there alternative methods to gather similar information by using fewer animals?
• Refinement


  What methods can but used that will minimise potential distress or pain for the animals?
• Aim


  Written as a general statement explaining the purpose of the research
• Research question


  Based on background information and the population of research interest is specified
• Directional hypothesis


  A statement that compares the predicted outcome of each condition
• Non-directional hypothesis


  A statement that declares there is a difference between conditions but does not specify the type of difference
• Inquiry question


  Instead of forming a hypothesis an inquiry question can be constructed and used in research that produces qualitative data and informs the methodology that will be followed
• Experimental research


  Research where the independent variable can be manipulated and a cause and effect relationship can be found
• Control group


  Group of participants exposed to all conditions except independent variable
• Experimental group


  Group of participants exposed to everything including the independent variable
• Non-experimental


  Research where the independent variable cannot be manipulated, a cause-and-effect relationship cannot be found, and patients cannot be randomly allocated
• Case study


  In-depth investigation of an individual person, group of people, or single event
• Observational


  Used to study behaviour
• Population


  The entire group of people that is of interest to the researcher
• Sample


  Subsection of the population
• Sampling


  The process of selecting participants from a population of research interest that will be used in the study
• Convenience sampling


  Participants who are easily accessible are selected
• Snowball sampling


  Initial participants are chosen, each participant encourages other people to contact the researcher and join the sample
• Qualitative data


  Descriptive information in the form of words
• Quantitative data


  Information in the form of numbers that can be counted
• Mixed Methods


  Qualitative and quantitative data are collected from participants in the same study.
• Validity


  The degree to which a measurement tool evaluates what it is designed to measure
• Reliability


  The degree to which a measurement tool produces accurate results
• Generalisability


  The extent to which results gathered from a sample in research can be applied to other situations
• Central nervous system


  Part of the nervous system made up of the brain and spinal cord that carries sensory information up the spinal cord to the brain via sensory neurons and carries motor messages to the PNS via motor neurons