Exam 3

• (Maslow) Components of humanism


  Humans were born with the desire and potential to grow; criticism would be that it offers a broad scope of human understanding
• Key points in Maslow’s life

  • troubled youth: unsociable, but very interested in learning
  • educational roots in animal research & behaviorism
  • later discovered other psychological theories
  • impact of WWII inspired him to explore concept of self-actualization
• (Murray) principles of ’personology’


  Scientific study of personality

  • dynamic & tension-reducing
  • rooted in brain
• Murray on Freudian components


  • id - two faces: immediate gratification & guilt (like Freud‘s superego)
  • superego - consequences from real world
  • ego - how we choose to be
• Murray’s Needs (20 of them)


  • abasement
  • achievement
  • affiliation
  • aggression
  • autonomy
  • counteraction
  • defendance
  • dominance
  • exhibition
  • harmavoidance
  • infavoidance
  • nurturance
  • order
  • play
  • rejection
  • sentience
  • sex
  • succorance
  • understanding
• Fluctuating amongst needs


  In certain life points, needs may fluctuate when:

  • contain a prepotency (priority)
  • can be fused w/ other needs (subsidation)
  • reoccur w/ environmental cues (pressing)
  • looking for mediation (developing thema)
• Oral Complexes in Murray’s development stages 


  - ages 0-1

  • Oral (Mouth to experience)
  • baby having trouble weening of mother’s milk -> sufferance
  • baby biting -> aggressive, dominance
  • baby doesn’t bring things in -> rejecting
• urethral complexes in Murray’s stages


  • ages 3-adolescence
  • how much needs to be in check before harming yourself
  • icarus complex: drifting away from parent’s instruction, & learn consequences from their decisions firsthand
• Claustral complexes in Murray’s developmental stages


  • Before birth
  • simple claustral: fetus is comfortable in womb; need for sufforance (to be nurtured)
  • insupport claustral: fetus is afraid of life outside of the womb; same needs as simple, but greater extreme
  • anti claustral: getting out fo the womb; need to achieve/explore
• Contributions of Murray in Modern Day Assessment


  • Office of Strategic Services
  • Thematic Apperceptions Test (TAT)
• Murray on Need for Achievement 


  • TAT validity
  • relationships with socioeconomics
  • greater levels of responsibility
  • goals of achievement
• Murray on Need for Affiliation 


  • anticipated shock
  • college stress
  • anxiety tendencies
• Basic Tenets of Erikson’s Personality Theory

  • oral-sensory (trust vs mistrust)
  • muscular-anal (autonomy vs shame/doubt)
  • locomotor-genital (initiative vs guilt)
  • latency (industriousness vs inferiority)
  • adolescence (identity cohesion vs role confusion)
  • young adulthood (intimacy vs isolation)
  • Adulthood (generatively vs stagnation)
  • maturity-old age (ego integrity vs despair)
• Oral sensory (Trust vs Mistrust)


  • age 0-2
  • basic strength: hope
  • weakness:
  • maladaption: sensory dependence
  • malignancy: withdrawal
• muscular-anal (autonomy vs shame/doubt)


  • age 2-3
  • basic strength: will
  • weakness
  • shameful willfulness
  • impulsiveness, compulsiveness
• Locomotor-genital (initiative vs guilt)


  • age 3-5
  • gravitating towards ’gender supportive’ norms
  • basic strength: purpose (when a child should/shouldn’t do something)
  • weakness
  • maladaption: ruthlessness
  • malignancy: inhibition
• latency (industriousness vs inferiority)


  • age 6-11
  • social influences outside from parents
  • basic strength: competence
  • Weakness:
  • maladaption: narrow virtuosity
  • malignancy: inertia.
• adolescence (identity cohesion vs role confusion)

  • identity crisis
  • childhood friends grow apart
  • basic strength: fidelty (faith in yourself)
  • weakness:
  • maladaption: fanaticism (trying too hard)
  • malignancy: repudiation (resenting others & yourself for no belonging)
• Murray’s Goals of Achievement

  • Approach (to acquire something) vs avoidance (to avoid failure)
  • Mastery (being the best) vs performance (recognition)
• primary vs secondary needs

  • primary - viscerogenic (biological)
  • secondary - psychogenic (psychological)
• proactive vs reactive needs

  • proactive: anticipate for a cue
  • reactive: response to a cue
• Abasement 


  To willingly surrender to an external force (e.g. person or thing)
• Affiliation


  To bond socially with others
• Aggression 


  to induce force physically on someone/something
• Autonomy


  to be independent
• counteraction 


  to rise above a previous failure
• dependance 


  to defend oneself for protection
• deference 


  to yield to another who you value above yourself (e.g. a superior)
• dominance 


  to control something or someone else
• exhibition


  to display oneself or one‘s action to other (to show off)
• Harmavoidance 


  to avoid physical harm
• infavoidance 


  to avoid mental/emotional abuse, humiliate, or riducule
• Nurturance

  to want to help others in need
• Order

  To maintain balance between facts (e.g. an order of how the world is)
• Play


  to have fun with others in the environment
• Rejection


  To break away from someone or something
• Sex 


  To acquire primary or secondary gratification from sexual intercourse
• Succorance


  to be dependent/nurtured
• Understanding


  to acquire knowledge to expand one’s view of the world (curiousity)
• Basic tenets of Erickson’s Personality Theory

  • driving forces: psychological spectra
  • epigenetic principle