Urinalysis

• Urinalysis - tests urine specimen
• A.Physical evaluation

  1. Color indicates the presence of bilirubin or urobilin in the urine specimen

  2. Clarity/transparency shows the presence of fat, chyle, or bacteria which affect the turbidity

  3. Specific gravity suggests renal tubular involvement or ADH (antidiuretic hormone) deficiency
• B.Chemical Evaluation

  1.       Blood – hematuria could be due to hemorrhage, infection, or trauma

  2.       Bilirubin – helps differentiate between obstructive jaundice and hemolytic jaundice

  3.       Glucose – glucosuria may be a result of diabetes mellitus or renal impairments

  4.       Ketones – uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or starvation

  5.       Leukocyte – indicates urinary tract infection (UTI) if there is a lot of neutrophils
• B.Chemical Evaluation

  1.       pH – indicates the acid-base balance

  2.       Protein – proteinuria is an indicator of renal dysfunction or disorder

  3.       Nitrite – positive results could mean bacterial infection

  4.       Urobilinogen – increases in amount when the patient suffers from hepatitic issues
• C. Microscopic Evaluation - shows the status of the urinary tract, hematuria, pyuria, etc.