MUTATIONS

• Mutation - is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. 
• Mutagen - alteration of the DNA sequence.
• Chromosome - chemical substance called deoxyribonucleic/DNA contain 23 pairs
• Somatic mutation - Refers to a genetic alteration or change that occurs in the cells of an organism's body (somatic cells) other than the reproductive cells
• Germline mutation - an alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the dna that makes up gene.
• Chromosomal mutations -  involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes.
• Insertion - when genetic material from another chromosome is added.
• Translocation - happens when a part of chromosome breaks off and combined with another chromosome.
• Deletion - happens where there is a loss of a part of chromosome.
• Duplication - happens if there are extra copies of a part of a chromosome
• INVERSION - happen when the direction of a part of a chromosome is reversed.
• GENETIC DISORDER - is a health problem caused by one or more abnormalities in the genome.
• Recessive Disorder - It happens when child receives two defective genes from each parent.
• Sickle cell anemia - A person who inherits two defective genes will have abnormally shaped red blood cells and may die at an early stage.
• Tay-sach Disease - is characterized by the lack of an important chemical in the brain. 
• Cystic fibrosis - is a disease in which some glands produce too much mucus
• Phenylketonuria - kind of disorder that cannot break down phenylalanine.
• Sex linked disorders - Are more common in men because they have only one X chromosome , so all defective genes on the chromosome trisomy will be expressed. 
• Human Genetic Syndrome - There are some genetic disorders that may have few or too many chromosomes.
• Cri du chat - is caused by the deletion of part of the short arm of chromosome 5. Babies who have this disease have wide set eyes and small head and jaws.
• William Syndrome - is the result from the lost of segment in chromosome 7. They have large ears and facial features that make them look like elves.
• Down syndrome - ( trisomy 21 ) also known as Mongolism. A child receives an extra chromosome (chromosome 21) and has distinctive physical appearance. 
• Edwards syndrome - extra number 18 chromosomes
• Patau’s syndrome - (trisomy 13) extra copy of chromosomes 13 
• Klinefelter syndrome - male who has this syndrome has two or more X-chromosome.
• Turner’s Syndrome - 45 chromosomes (affects only women)
• Phenotype - are those observable traits such as hair color, eye color, height, blood type, and more.
• Silent mutation - are mutations in DNA that do not have an observable effect on the organism's phenotype. 
• Missense mutations - happen when a single nucleotide changes, result in different codes of amino acid.
• Codon Code - A codon is a DNA or RNA sequence of three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) that forms a unit of genomic information encoding a particular amino acid or signaling the termination of protein synthesis (stop signals). 
• Causes of mutations - Smoking (cause germ cell mutagens) Effect of old change (Female conceives at old age)
• Chemotherapy - Drugs can cause DNA mutations.
• External influences - Too much exposure to hazardous chemicals.