Second year

• Benzene to Nitrobenzene

  • Reagent : conc sulfuric acid
  • Reagent : conc nitric acid
  • Condition :reflux 50 - 55
  • mechanism : Nitration , electrophilic substitution
• Benzene to haloarene

  • Reagent : X 2 and ALCl3 or FeCl3
  • mechanism : halogentation , electrophilic addition
• Benzene to Alkylarene

  • Reagents : R-X and ALCl3 or FeCl3
  • mechanism : alkylation , electrophilic subsitution , Friedel-crafts
• Benzene to Acylarene

  • Reagent : R-COCL and AlCl3 or FeCl3
  • Mechanism : Acylation , electrophilic substitution , Friedel-crafts
• Phenol to 2,4,6 - tribromophenol

  • Reagent : Br2 (aq)
  • Mechanism : Electrophilic substitution
  • colour change : Decolourises bromine water and white precipitate
• Phenol to Nitrophenol

  • Reagent : HN03 (aq)
  • Mechanism : Electrophilic substitution
• Aldehyde to Carboxcylic acid

  • Reagents : acified dichromate
  • Conditions : heat under reflux
  • Reaction : oxidisation
  • Colour change : orange to green
• Aldehyde to primary Alcohol

  • Reagents : NaBH4
  • Conditions : heat
  • Type of Reaction : reduction
  • Mechanism : Nucleophilic addition
• Ketone to secondary alcohol

  • Reagents : NaBH4 in water
  • Conditions : heat
  • Type of Reaction : reduction
  • Mechanism : Nucleophilic addition
• Aldehyde to hydroxynitrile

  • Reagents : KCN and H2SO4
  • Mechanism : Nucleophilic addition
  • lengthens C chain
• Ketone to hydroxynitrile

  • Reagents : KCN and H2SO4
  • Mechanism : Nucleophilic addition
  • lengthens C chain
• Alcohol to ester ( not using COOH )

  • Reagents : acid anhydride
  • Conditions : heat
  • carboxylic acid is other product
• Phenol to ester ( not using COOH )

  • Reagent : acid anhydride , warm
  • Carboxcylic acid is other product
• Alcohol to ester ( not using COOH )

  • Reagents : acyl chloride , RTP
  • HCL fumes
• Phenol to ester ( not using COOH )

  • Reagents : acyl chloride , RTP
  • HCL fumes
• Ester to Carboxcylic acid and Alcohol

  • Reagents : aqueous H + / reflux
  • acid reflux
  • reversible reaction
• Ester to carboxcylic acid salt and alcohol

  • Reagent : aqueous OH - , reflux
  • type of reaction : alkali hydrolysis
• Carboxcylic acid to acyl chloride

  • Reagents : SOCl2 , RTP
  • Releases S02 / HCL fumes
• Acyl chloride to Carboxcylic acid

  • Reagents : H20
  • HCL fumes are released
• Halo alkane to primary amine

  • reagents : excess Ethanolic NH3
  • mechanism : Nucleophilic substitution
  • amine salt made and then NaOH added to form amine
• Primary amine to secondary amine

  • Reagent : add haloalkane
  • mechanism : Nucleophilic substitution
  • amine salt made and then NaOH added to form amine
• secondary amine to tertiary amine

  • reagent : add haloalkane
  • Mechanism : Nucleophilic substitution
  • Amine salt made and then NaOH added to form amine
• Nitrobenzene to phenylamine

  • Reagents : Sn / conc HCL , warm
  • type of reaction : reduction
  • amine salt made and then NaOH added to form amine
• Acyl chloride to primary amide

  • Reagents : Add NH3
  • Mechanism : Nucleophilic substitution
  • NH4Cl also formed
• Acyl chloride to secondary amide

  • Reagents : add primary amine
  • mechanism : Nucleophilic substitution
  • NH4Cl also formed
• primary amine to secondary amine

  • Reagent : add acyl chloride
  • mechanism : Nucleophilic substitution
  • amine chloride salt also formed
• Nitrile to primary amine

  • Reagent : H2 and Ni catalyst
  • type of reaction reduction
• Nitrile to carboxylic acid

  • Reagent : aqueous acid , heat
  • type of reaction : hydrolysis
  • ammonium salt also formed
• polyamide and carboxylic acid salt

  • reagent : aqueous alkali , heat
  • Type of reaction : alkali hydrolysis
• polyamide to amine slat and carboxylic acid

  • Regents : aqueous acid , heat
  • type of reaction acid hydrolysis