Growth and differentiation

• Whatis the technical word for turning into a specialized cel?

  Differentiation
• What happens in Cell differentiatio?

  Cells become adapted and specialised for a particular function
• When does Animal growth happen?

  • Through cell division(throughout their bodies) and differentiation
• Specialised cells


  • Nerve cells are specialised to respond to stimuli and carry information around the body
• How does Plant growthtake place through... (3 things)

  • Through cell division, differentiation and elongation
• An example of Differentiated plant cells

  • Palisade cells are specialised to carry out photosynthesis
• What is Cell elongation

  Cells don't divide, they just get longer
• What can Adult stem cellsdo?

  Can differentiate into a few particular types of cell
• Adult stem cell type:stem cells on bone marrow become?

  • blood cells and immune cells
• What is Therapeutic cloning

  Creating an embryo with the same genes as a patient, then using the embryonic stem cells in the patient's body
• Stem cell treatment has potential medical risks, such as viruses infecting stem cells and transferred to the patient
• Some people oppose stem cell research on ethical or religious grounds, thinking it's wrong to use human embryos
• Where are Plant stem cellsfound?

  Found in the meristem tissue of roots and shoots
• Uses of plant cloning

  • Reproducing rare species at risk of extinction, or crop plants with useful features
• All organi,s cell contain same what?

  Genetic information
• When are all the organims cells the same

  when it first begins to develop
• When do animal cells differentate

  At an early stage of development
• Which organims has many type of cell which doesn't lose its ability to differentate

  Plants
• Why must new cells produced differentate

  so they can carry out a specific job
• Why does cell differentiation continue in mature animals??

  for replacement and repair
• Animals grow most when there young when do they stop growing usually?

  As adults
• When does cell division take place in plants?

  in the tips of plant roots and shoots
• Out of plants and animals what can continue growing through it's life

  Plants
• Where does cell elongation only happen in?

  Plants
• Advantages of embryonic stem cells can be

  • can be cloned
  • made to turn into most types of cell
• How is embryonic stem cell formed? (Where is it taken from what can it do)

  taken from an embryo that can differentiate into most types of cell
• Why will embryonic stem cell not be rejected by patient?

  they contain the same genetic material
• What us the advantage if plant stem cells can differentate into any type of cells?? Allows what?

  allowing plants to keep growing throughout their lives
• Advantage of using plant stem cell?

  allow clones of plants to be made relatively quickly and cheaply
• is function of meristem?

  undifferentiated cells which divide by mitosis to make more cells
• When a cell becomes cancerous, it begins to grow and divide uncontrollably. New cells are produced even if the body does not need them.
• what is tumour?

  A group of cancerous cells produces a growth
• what do companion cells in pholem do?

  Provide the energy required for transporting substances in sieve tubes(transfer products of photosynthesis)
• what does xylem do?

  Transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots, up the plant.
• issues of stem cell

  • finding donors
  • mutations which can lead to cancer