changing economic qorld\

• development 


  the progress of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and human welfare.
• GNI


  gross national income
• demographic transition model

  
• falling birthrate shows economic development, because less women are having children because they're focussing on careers and are in education.
• demographic transition model

  1 - high fluctuating: high birth rate, high death rate, population fairly unstable

  2 - early expanding: death rate decreases, birth rate remains high, population grows

  3 - late expanding: birth rate drops rapidly, death rate continues to decrease, population still grows as fast.

  4 - low fluctuating: low birth rate, low death rate, birth rate fluctuates depending on economic situation.

  5 - natural decrease: birth rate falls below death rate, death rate increase slightly (aging population), total population decreases.
• immigrant 


  a person who moves into a country
• emigrant 


  a person who moves out of a country
• economic migrant 


  a person who moves voluntarily to seek a better life, such as a better paid job
• refugee


  a person forced to move from their country of origin often as a result of civil war
• displaced person


  a person forced to move from their home but who stays in their country of origin
• bottom up strategy 


  small scale approaches involving local people
• top down strategy 


  large-scale, capital intensive with involvement from big companies, charities and government
• outside in strategy


  intervention from outside the country (FDI)
• FDI


  foreign direct investment
• how to reduce the development gap

  share resources

  government increasing pay

  solar schools

  dams - hydroelectric power, water for agriculture
• microhydro scheme


  benefits:

  small business

  healthcare - vaccines stored in fridges because of constant electricity supply

  improved quality of life

  reliable energy supply - energy security

  online education
• HIC


  high income country
• NEE 


  newly emerging economy
• LIC


  low income country
• HIC


  $12500 +
• LIC


  <$1000
• HDI


  human development index

  > combines 4 factors

  • literacy rate
  • life expectancy
  • education
  • standard of living
• what are the 4 factors of HDI

  life expectancy, education, literacy rate, standard of living
• GNI


  gross national income - value of everything produced in a country in a year
• GNI limitations


  inaccurate

  out of date

  doesn't dow variation - poor, rich
• DTM 1


  high fluctuating - high birth and death rates
• DTM 2


  early expanding - development in healthcare and sanitation = lower death rate

  population rises rapidly
• DTM 3 


  late expanding - birth rate decreases - education + contraception

  population slows but continues rising
• DTM 4


  low fluctuating - birth rate and death rates low and fluctuating

  large population but growth slows
• DTM 5


  decline - birth rates fall below death rates

  population declines
• what stage of the DTM id the uk in?

  4 - low fluctuating
• 3 causes of uneven development

  physical, historical, economic
• economic causes of uneven development

  trade already developed in other countries, tariff rises, produce only primary products, in debt
• historical causes of uneven development

  have been colonised - only developed to produce raw materials for manufacture in European countries

  long history of war/ conflict - no stability
• physical causes of uneven development

  landlocked, diseases, poor soil, natural hazards
• consequences of uneven development

  uneven wealth

  international migration - poor to rich
• emergency aid


  short term aid
• development aid 


  develop long term projects
• bilateral aid 


  one gov. send aid to another gov.
• multilateral aid


  governments send aid to international organisations