Chem

• Matter


  Anything that has mass and volume
• States of matter

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
  • Plasma
  • Bose-Einstein condensate
• Phase changes

  1. Melting

  2. Vaporization

  3. Condensation

  4. Freezing

  5. Sublimation

  6. Deposition
• Physical property


  Can be observed without changing the composition of a substance
• Chemical property


  Characteristic that can be observed with an accompanying change in the chemical composition of a substance
• Chemical properties

  • Flammability
  • Chemical reactivity
• Extensive property


  Depends on the amount of matter
• Extensive properties

  • Mass
  • Length
  • Size
  • Volume
• Intensive property


  Depends on the type of matter
• Pure substance


  Has an unchanging or specific composition
• Mixture


  Composed of different pure substances that are physically combined in variable proportions
• Element


  The simplest type of matter that is composed of only one kind of atom
• Elements

  • Carbon
  • Oxygen
  • Copper
  • Iron
  • Silicon
  • Chlorine
• Compound


  Composed of two or more elements combined chemically in definite proportions
• Compounds

  • Carbon monoxide (CO)
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Compounds may be classified as either covalent or ionic depending on the nature of the elements that comprise them
• Six most abundant elements in the human body

  • Oxygen
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Nitrogen
  • Calcium
  • Phosphorus
• Compounds

  • Carbon monoxide (CO)
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Covalent and ionic compounds


  Compounds classified based on the nature of the elements that comprise them
• Homogeneous mixture


  Mixture that exists in a single phase, with uniform appearance, properties, and composition throughout
• Heterogeneous mixture


  Mixture whose components are not evenly distributed and can be physically identified
• Solution


  Homogeneous mixture of substances that can be physically combined in varying proportions
• Solute


  Substance that gets dissolved in a solution
• Solvent


  Substance that does the dissolving in a solution, present in larger quantity than the solute
• Physical methods of separating mixtures

  • Magnets
  • Decantation
  • Evaporation
  • Sublimation
  • Filtration
  • Distillation
  • Chromatography
• Consumer product


  Item often bought for consumption
• Commonly used household cleaning products

  • Bleach
  • Soaps
  • Detergents
• Bleach


  Helps clean and whiten surfaces by lowering the stability of chemical bonds in stain molecules
• Chlorine bleach


  Bleaching agent containing sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
• Oxygen bleach


  Bleaching agent containing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
• Both NaOCl and H2O2 are strong oxidizers that can burn skin and eyes if used in concentrated forms
• Surfactants


  Surface active ingredients in soaps and detergents that lower surface tension of water and disperse water-insoluble soils
• Examples of personal care products

  • Makeup
  • Lotions
  • Toothpastes
• Foundation


  Makeup product used to give an even and flawless look to the face, containing moisturizers, colorants, and fillers like talc
• Some commercial foundations may contain low-grade talc contaminated with toxic asbestos fibers
• Lipsticks


  Made of wax, oil, moisturizers, and pigments, with color additives derived primarily from petroleum
• Lipsticks may contain lead as an unintentional contaminant from pigments used as colorants
• Some makeup products contain gold micro- or nanoparticles believed to provide anti-aging benefits, increasing the cost of the product
• Lotions


  Used to moisturize or hydrate the skin, containing glycerin and other components like preservatives, thickeners, colorants, emulsifiers, and solvents
• Toothpaste


  Heterogeneous paste or gel used to clean gums and freshen breath, containing compounds like sodium fluoride and tin(II) fluoride to help prevent cavities and gum diseases