Properties Of Matter 🧊➡️💦

• Heat


  A form of energy transfer, measured in Joules (J)
• Heat


  • Takes energy from a hot place and transfers it to somewhere cooler
  • Conduction, convection, and radiation can do this
  • The increase in energy becomes movement in the particles inside an object
• Temperature


  • Measures the average kinetic energy of the particles within an object
  • Measured in degrees Celsius (°C) or Kelvin (K)
• When heat energy enters an object


  The particles move quicker and their average kinetic energy increases, resulting in a rise in temperature
• Equation for heat energy, temperature, mass, and specific heat capacity

  EH=cmΔT
• Mass (m)


  • Measured in kilograms
• ΔT


  • Change in temperature, either in degrees Celsius or Kelvin
• States of matter


  • Gas
  • Liquid
  • Solid
• Materials either gain or lose energy as they go from one state to another
• The energy transferred from going from solid to liquid is the same as the energy transferred from going from liquid to solid
• The direction of energy flow is what changes
• Fusion


  The process of going from solid to liquid
• Vaporisation


  The process of going from liquid to gas
• The greater the mass of a substance


  The more energy is required to change state
• Pressure


  The name given to force applied over an area, when objects push against another object
• Pressure


  • Can be measured in Newtons per square metre (N m^-2), which is equivalent to Pascals (Pa)
  • 1 Pascal equals 1 N m^-2
• Pressure in gas


  • Gas particles are always moving around the space they are in
  • When they rebound off the side of a container, the container applies a force to the gas particle to change its direction
  • The pressure of a gas is the average force the particles exert per square metre on the walls of a container
• Kinetic model assumptions


  • Particles are all the same size and spherical
  • Particles move in random directions
  • Particles do not experience other forces e.g. magnetism or gravity
  • Particles do not lose any kinetic energy when they collide
  • Particles have the same mass
• Boyle's Law


  Describes the relationship between the volume of a gas and the pressure of the gas inside a container when the temperature and mass of the gas is constant
• As the volume of an object increases

  The particles of the gas take longer to reach the sides of the container, resulting in fewer collisions, reduced average Force, and reduced pressure of the gas
• As the volume of an object decreases


  There are more collisions, greater average Force, and greater pressure
• Gay-Lussac's law


  The Pressure Law, which explains the relationship between pressure and temperature for a fixed mass of gas with a fixed volume
• If a gas's temperature increases


  Its pressure does too, when the mass and volume of the gas are held constant
• Kelvin Scale


  The absolute temperature scale, where 0 K is the lowest possible temperature
• Charles' Law


  Describes the relationship between the volume of a gas and the temperature of the gas inside a container when the pressure and mass of the gas is constant
• As the temperature inside the container increases


  The volume of gas inside the container increases