chemistry

• Physical properties


  • Can be observed without changing the composition of a substance
  • Intensive properties (do not depend on amount of sample, used to identify substance)
  • Extensive properties (depend on amount of sample, more matter = more mass and volume)
• Chemical properties


  • Flammability
  • Toxicity
  • Corrosivity
  • Reactivity
  • Radioactivity
  • Chemical bending
• Physical change


  Conversion of one state to another, does not alter composition, can be reversible or irreversible
• Chemical change


  Change in the composition of a substance, also called "chemical reaction", substance or matter turns into another form
• Chemical property


  The ability of a substance to change into a different substance
• Role of heat in phase changes

  1. Brings energy to particles, making them move faster and weakening forces of attraction

  2. Raising temperature gives particles more energy to move around
• Six physical changes happening in matter

  • Melting (solid to liquid)
  • Freezing (liquid to solid)
  • Vaporization (liquid to gas at any temperature)
  • Boiling (liquid to gas at boiling point)
  • Condensation (gas to liquid)
  • Sublimation (solid to gas)
  • Deposition (gas to solid)
• Volatiles


  Substances that easily evaporate at room temperature
• Classification of pure substances

  • Elements
  • Compounds
• Element


  Cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical change
• There are 118 known elements, 88 of them being natural while the rest are artificially produced
• Ways elements are named

  • After scientists
  • Countries
  • Planets
  • Greek words
  • Latin words
  • Minerals
• Elements have adopted the use of chemical symbols, composed of one or two letters with the first letter always capitalized
• Classification of elements


  • Metals
  • Non-metals
  • Metalloids
  • Malleable
  • Ductile
• Atom


  Tiny particle that makes up an element
• Molecule


  Group of two or more atoms that are chemically combined
• Types of molecules


  • Diatomic (two atoms)
  • Triatomic (three atoms)
  • Polyatomic (four or more atoms)
  • Monoatomic (individual atoms)
• Compound


  Formed when two or more elements are combined chemically
• Molecule/Formula unit


  Smallest particle of a compound
• A compound can be broken down into simpler parts/elements by using heat or electricity
• Mixture


  Combination of two or more substances that can be separated by physical methods, has variable composition
• Differences between mixtures and compounds

  • Composition (mixtures can be mixed in any ratio, compounds have fixed ratio)
  • Chemical reaction (no reaction in mixtures, can occur in compounds)
  • Properties (retained in mixtures, differ in compounds)
  • Separation (physical methods for mixtures, heat/electricity for compounds)
• Types of mixtures


  • Homogeneous (uniform composition and properties)
  • Heterogeneous (not uniform in composition)
  • Solution (homogeneous mixture)
  • Suspension (heterogeneous mixture with suspended particles)
  • Coarse mixture (heterogeneous, particles can be separated mechanically)
  • Colloid (heterogeneous mixture that reflects light in all directions, Tyndall effect)
• Ang pagbagsak ng kapangyarihan ng mga Romano ang nagbigay-daan sa bagong pamumuhay
• Hindi naganap sa isang iglap lamang ang pagbagsak ng Imperyong Romano
• Nagdatingan sa imperyo ng Rome ang mga mananakop na barbaro buhat sa hilaga ng Europe
• Tuluyang nasakop ng mga barbaro ang Rome at ang mga lalawigan nito sa Kanlurang Europe noong 476 CE
• Clovis


  Naging hari ng mga Frank noong 481 CE
• Pagkapanalo ni Clovis sa isang digmaan noong 496 CE


  Tinanggap niya ang Kristyanismo
• Noong 511 CE, napag-isa niya ang buong Gaul at kinilala si Clovis bilang tagapagtatag ng dinastiyang Merovigian
• Nang mamatay si Clovis ay nagkaroon ng digmaan sa kaharian dahil sa pagaagawan ng mga kaanak niya sa pwesto
• Tinalo ni Charles Martel, ang mga lumulusob na Muslim sa kanyang kahariansa labanan sa Tours
• Ang posisyong iniwan ni Charles Martel ay napunta sa kanyang anak na si Pepin, the Short
• Noong 756, isinalin ni Pepin sa papa ang bahagi ng teritoryong kontrolado ng mga Lombards. Ito ay tinawag na Mga Estado ng Papa
• Noong 751, pinatalsik ni Pepin ang huling haring Merovingian at itinanghal siyang hari ng mga Frank
• Pagsapit ng 768 CE, ang dalawang anak ni Pepin na sina Charles at Carloman ang nagmana sa trono
• Nang mamatay si Carloman, natira si Charles upang maging hari noong 771 CE. Tinawag siyang si Charles the Great o Charlemagne
• Ang buong France at ang malaking bahagi ng Germany at Italy ay napasakamay ni Charlemagne
• Mga pagbabago sa pamamahala ni Charlemagne

  1. Hinati ang imperyo sa duchies at counties na pinamumunuan ng isang duke o konde

  2. Ipinamigay ang malalawak na lupain (fief) sa mga lider militar

  3. Ipinagkaloob niya sa mga maliliit na haring may taglay na kapangyarihang administratibo, militar, at hudikatura ang pangangasiwa sa kanilang sariling teritoryo

  4. Nagtalaga siya ng mga missi dominici o mga tagasiyasat sa bawat teritoryo na nangangasiwa bilang kinatawan niya
• Pinalago ng Imperyong Carolingian ang karunungan