Biosafety 1

• Air pollution


  Chemicals or particles in the air that can harm the health of humans, animals, and plants. It also damages buildings. Pollutants in the air take many forms - gases, solid particles, or liquid droplets.
• Air pollution sources


  • Factories
  • Cars
  • Planes
  • Aerosol cans
  • Second-hand cigarette smoke
• Anthropogenic sources


  Man-made sources of pollution
• Natural sources


  Types of air pollution that occur naturally, such as smoke from wildfires or ash from volcanoes
• Smog


  Air pollution that appears as a cloud making the air murky, often in large cities where emissions are concentrated and mountains or tall buildings prevent air pollution from spreading out
• Effects to humans


  • Short-term effects
  • Long-term effects
• Short-term effects


  Illnesses such as pneumonia or bronchitis, discomfort such as irritation to the nose, throat, eyes, or skin, headaches, dizziness, and nausea. Bad smells from factories, garbage, or sewer systems.
• Long-term effects


  Heart disease, lung cancer, respiratory diseases such as emphysema, long-term damage to people's nerves, brain, kidneys, liver, and other organs. Suspected birth defects.
• Nearly 2.5 million people die worldwide each year from the effects of outdoor or indoor air pollution.
• Effects on environment


  • Direct contamination of water bodies and soil
  • Acid rain from sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide particles
  • Damage to plants, crops, and young trees
• Effects on animals


  • Acid rain
  • Heavy metals
  • Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
  • Other toxic substances
• Effects on animals


  • Affects the quality of the environment or habitat in which they live
  • Affects the availability and quality of the food supply
• Solutions for air pollution control

  • Renewable fuel and clean energy production
  • Energy conservation and efficiency
  • Eco-friendly transportation
  • Green building
• Avoid using vehicles


  1. People should avoid using vehicles for shorter distances

  2. Prefer public modes of transport
• Energy conservation


  1. Switch off electrical appliances when not in use

  2. Use energy-efficient devices such as CFLs
• Use of clean energy resources

  Use solar, wind and geothermal energies
• Environment


  All non-genetic factors that influence responses, interacts with the animal's genotype to determine performance
• All species respond to changing natural environments by altering phenotype and physiology
• Wild animals experience continuously changing conditions so their survival often depends on the ability to adjust or adapt to new circumstances
• Livestock cannot be separated from their environment and should never be considered in isolation from that environment
• Periodic environmental assessments


  Determine if the system is making the best use of resources in an ecologically friendly manner while satisfying the needs of the farming family and general society
• Higher animals


  • Possess complex organ systems that respond to appropriate stimuli and work in concert to perform their essential body functions
  • Signals received from the surroundings by the sensory organs may produce a local reflex action or are processed in the central nervous system
  • Mild signals produce no responses but stronger stimuli initiate physiological or behavioral changes
• Adaptation


  Animals respond to physical, chemical, climatic, and biological stimuli from their surroundings
• Acclimatization


  The external environment, representing all non-genetic factors that influence responses, interacts with the animal's genotype to determine performance
• Stimuli amplitude


  • Slight
  • Moderate
  • Intense
• Animal's perception


  • Imperceptible
  • Stress
  • Distress
• Animal's response


  • None
  • Physiological
  • Pathological
• Usual result


  • Nothing
  • Adaptation
  • Abnormality
• Confinement of Livestock


  • Provides conditions that satisfy all biological necessities for individual animals or groups
  • Maintains animals just slightly above the lower critical temperature they are comfortable, consume feed readily and produce just enough metabolic heat to maintain the appropriate core body temperature
• Requirements for acceptable confinement units

  • Provides a comfortable, distress free environment
  • Minimizes disease and injury risk
  • Provides satisfactory working conditions for animal attendants
  • Areas for special handling and grouping
  • Meets operators' preferences
  • Economically feasible
  • Flexible (very difficult to obtain this)
• Confinement housing has some

  • Advantages
  • Disadvantages
• Biosafety


  A framework that describes the use of specific practices, training, safety equipment, and specially designed buildings to protect the worker, community, and environment from an accidental exposure or unintentional release of infectious agents and toxins
• Biosafety


  Aims at protecting public health and the environment from accidental exposure to biological agents
• Biosecurity


  Deals with the prevention of misuse through loss, theft, diversion, or intentional release of pathogens, toxins, and any other biological materials
• Figure 1. GMP: Good Microbiological Practices, VBM: Valuable Biological Materials: IN and OUT refer to the complete traceability of all biological materials handled, stored and transported
• Environmental Animal Health Management (EAHM)


  A holistic approach that focuses on the interplay between animal health, the environment, and public health
• The livestock sector plays a crucial role in the global economy, providing food and livelihoods to billions of people. However, it also poses significant environmental challenges.
• EAHM offers a comprehensive approach to address these challenges, focusing on maintaining animal health while reducing environmental harm.
• Components of EAHM


  • Environmental Risk Assessment
  • Biosecurity Measures
  • Waste Management
  • Water Quality Monitoring
  • Habitat Restoration and Conservation
  • Disease Surveillance and Monitoring
  • Sustainable Farming Practices
  • Public Health Collaboration
• Environmental Risk Assessment


  • Assessing and evaluating potential environmental hazards that could impact animal health
  • Identifying pollutants, toxins, or pathogens that may be present in the environment and evaluating their potential risks to animal populations