GU

• What is the vital role of the reproductive system?

  Survival of the species
• Why is advanced anatomical knowledge of the reproductive system important?

  It is crucial for obstetrics and gynaecology
• What types of cancer specifically affect the reproductive system?

  Prostate cancer and breast cancer
• What are the organs of the urinary system?

  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
• What are the organs of the reproductive system?

  • Testes (males)
  • Ovaries (females)
  • Uterus (females)
  • Penis (males)
  • Vagina (females)
• What is the difference in urethra length between biological males and females?

  Females have a shorter urethra (4 cm)
• How long is the biological male urethra?

  Approximately 18 – 20 cm
• What is the function of the kidneys?

  Control water and electrolyte balance
• Where are the kidneys located in relation to the vertebrae?

  At the level T12 – L3 vertebrae
• Why is the right kidney usually slightly inferior to the left?

  Due to the presence of the liver
• What structures enter and leave the hilum of the kidney?

  Renal vein, artery, and ureter
• What are the internal structures of the kidney?

  • Renal cortex
  • Renal medulla
  • Renal pyramids
  • Renal papillae
  • Major calyces
  • Minor calyces
  • Renal pelvis
• What is the function of the ureters?

  Transport urine from renal pelvis to bladder
• Where do the ureters enter the pelvis?

  Anterio to the bifurcation of common iliac arteries
• In biological males, what crosses the ureter?

  The vas deferens
• In biological females, what crosses the ureter?

  The uterine artery
• What is the capacity of the urinary bladder?

  Up to 1 liter of urine
• What are the external features of the urinary bladder?

  • Superior surface
  • Infero-lateral surface (x2)
  • Base
  • Neck
  • Apex
• What are the internal features of the urinary bladder?

  • Detrusor muscle
  • Trigone
  • Ureteric orifices (x2)
  • Internal urethral orifice
• What is the function of the biological female urethra?

  Transport urine from internal to external meatus
• How long is the biological female urethra?

  4 cm
• Why are urinary tract infections more common in females?

  Due to shorter urethra length
• Where does the female urethra run in relation to the vaginal cavity?

  Anterior to the vaginal cavity
• Where does the external urethral orifice open in females?

  Into the vestibule of the vagina
• What is the function of the male urethra?

  Transport urine and semen
• What are the four parts of the male urethra?

  Preprostatic, prostatic, membranous, spongy
• What is the function of the testes?

  Production of sperm and hormones
• Why are the testes located external to the abdominopelvic cavity?

  For optimal spermatogenesis temperature
• What is the function of the epididymis?

  Maturation and storage of spermatozoa
• What are the components of the male reproductive system?

  • Testes
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus deferens
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral glands
  • Penis
• What do the seminal vesicles secrete?

  Constitutes up to 70% of seminal volume
• What forms the ejaculatory duct?

  Union of ductus deferens and seminal vesicle duct
• Where does the ejaculatory duct enter the urethra?

  Into the prostatic urethra
• What is the clinical significance of prostate gland hypertrophy?

  It can constrict the urethra
• What are the components of the penis?

  • Root
  • Shaft/Body
  • Glans penis
  • Prepuce/Foreskin
• What are the three bodies of erectile tissue in the penis?

  • Two corpora cavernosa
  • One corpus spongiosum
• What are the paired structures in the biological female reproductive system?

  Left and right ovaries
• What is the function of the ovaries?

  Production of ova and sex hormones
• What is the role of the uterine tubes?

  Receive oocyte and site of fertilization
• What are the parts of the uterine tubes?

  • Ampulla
  • Fimbriae
  • Infundibulum
  • Isthmus