HISTORY

• The Mexican War of Independence begins


  1810
• The Constitution of Cadiz is proclaimed. The Philippines is not a colony, but formally a part of Spain


  1812
• The Manila-Acapulco galleon trade is abolished


  1813
• The port of Manila was officially opened to international trade, to be followed by Iloilo and Zamboanga (1855) and Cebu (1865)

  1834
• Rizal was born on June 19 in Calamba, Laguna


  1861
• The guardia civil was established in the Philippines

  1868
• The Suez Canal opens


  1869
• • The Cavite Mutiny and the execution of Frs. Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora happen
  • Prominent Filipino liberals are exiled
  • Rizal's mother is jailed
  • Rizal attends the Ateneo Municipal de Manila as a day scholar


  1872
• When Jose Rizal was born, there was no BAYAN, only MGA BAYAN. NO FILIPINO NATION = the existing communities did not think of themselves as forming one community
• BAYAN


  • Originally meant "community"
  • As missionaries founded pueblos, bayan became to mean the pueblo
• When he died in 1896, there was still no nation to speak of
• This was the nation Rizal chose to die for, the subject matter of his two novels and of his last poem, the object of his political campaigns in Spain, and the reason for his exile
• The Jose Rizal Shrine in Calamba, Laguna is a replica of the original Mercado ancestral house which was destroyed during WWII. It was in this house where Rizal's future concept of love for bayan began
• TOWN


  • A Spanish contribution to Philippine life
  • A territory comprising several barangays and therefore more accurately called a TOWNSHIP
  • The role of it are both a physical and a social space in laying the basis for an elementary form of public life
• Calamba was a visita of the town of Biñan until 1742 (according to Rizal) when it became a town
• Biñan = one of the oldest towns in the Philippines
• POBLACION


  Barangay in which the church was located
• SATELLITE BARANGAYS


  According to Quijano de Manila, describes as "the infrastructure of Philippine civilization"
• Sinibaldo de Mas = Spanish diplomat who wrote the Informe Sobre el estado de las Filipinas en 1842 (A Report on the Status of the Philippines in 1842)
• The report paints an interesting picture of the thriving economy and the traffic between various regions and islands during the first half of the 19th century
• Arcilla writes that the growth of the sugar industry in Negros was one of the most spectacular developments in the Philippines in the 19th century
• PRINCIPALIA


  Old pueblo elite
• 1820s onward, plantations increasingly became an important part of the economy
• Chinese mestizos were the leading buyers of the lands
• After 1815, many of the pueblos were no longer purely agricultural communities
• Pueblos with trade linkages to Manila became provincial centers of trade and those in the general area of the capital, especially Binondo and Tondo, became "post-agricultural towns"
• The family tree of the Mercado Rizal family was drawn by Jose Rizal during his exile in DApitan in 1896
• DOMINGO LAM-CO


  • Jose Rizal's ancestor from the paternal side
  • A Chinese convert who married a Chinese mestiza, Ines de la Rosa
• The family chose the name Mercado, which means "market"
• In 1849, Don Narciso Claveria, the Spanish governor-general of the Philippines, issued the Claveria Decree of 1849
• CLAVERIA DECREE OF 1849


  A decree requiring the assignment of a surname for each family from an official catalog throughout the islands
• FRANCISCO MERCADO


  • Jose Rizal's father
  • He started using the surname Ricial (later Rizal), which means "green fields"
  • Worked his way up to become the most prominent resident of Calamba
  • According to Guerrero, "one of the town's wealthiest men, the first to build a stone house and buy another–in a town with only four or five houses of any size–keep a carriage, own a library, and send his children to school in Manila"
• TEODORA ALONSO


  • Jose Rizal's mother
  • Her and her family got the new surname Realonda
  • Helped Francisco with his land-holdings and was in business in her own right, running a small flour mill, curing hams, dyeing cloth, and managing a medicine and general goods store
• Jose Rizal's full name is Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal y Alonso Realonda
• INQUILINO


  One who leases or rents portions of land from a land owner and uses these for either agriculture or the raising of livestock
• Salt, sugar, oil and dried fish are supplied by Pangasinan
• TAPA are large quantities of fried deer meat
• Rizal's father had come to Calamba where he leased lands from the Dominican hacienda
• JUAN MERCADO


  • Rizal's grandfather
  • Served three terms as gobernadorcillo of Biñan
• LORENZO ALBERTO ALONSO


  • Rizal's maternal grandfather
  • Once a deputy for the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes when the islands enjoyed representation